81.
Consider the following statements and choose the correct answer:
1. In the phenomenon of linkage and crossing over, the genes are arranged in a linear order in a chromosome
2. The linkage groups in an organism are equivalent to the number of chromosome pairs
3. The chances of crossing over are more between two closely placed genes as compared to the genes placed in far proximity
4. The position of genes is very definite in the chromatid

82.
Consider the following statements regarding the DNA-mediated gene transfer and choose the correct answer:
1. DNA fragments carrying the gene to be transferred are mixed with a carrier DNA
2. They are then precipitated out with a calcium phosphate buffer
3. The precipitate is used to transform target cells
4. The Ca-precipitated DNA enters the cell by exocytosis

87.
Consider the following statements of Kupier (1949, 1951) and choose the correct answer:
1. A part of a huge cloud of dust and gas condensed to form primarily a proto-sun of low density surrounded by a rotating cloud disk
2. The proto-earth probably was a low-temperature body of gases and solids of about 500 times the earth's present mass
3. The accumulation of cold solid, the planetesimals, is the main process in the formation of primitive earth
4. The size of the planetesimals ranged in between the size of asteroids and that of dust particles

88.
The reactions involved in translocation during protein synthesis include

89.
According to the morphological and anatomical evidences of organic evolution, the similarity in the structure of the strobili of Lycopods and gymnosperms prove that

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