12.
Felling of which of the following plants, before start of conservation programmes in world, resulted in invasion by Pinus excelsa and Picea smithiana?

16.
In some places very small units of various types of vegetation occur repeatedly which are caused by changes in the environment. Those small units are called

17.
Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer:
List-I List-II
a. Legume 1. A dehiscent dry fruit produced from a monocarpellary, superior ovary which dehisces from one suture only
b. Follicle 2. A dehiscent dry fruit produced from a bicarpellary, syncarpous, superior ovary which is unilocular but appears bilocular due to false septum
c. Siliqua 3. A dehiscent fruit produced from a monocarpellary, superior ovary which dehisces from both the sutures into two valves
d. Capsule 4. A dehiscent dry fruit produced from syncarpous, superior or inferior ovary which dehisces along two or more lines of suture in various ways

19.
The osmotic pressure of a given solution can be calculated by using which of the following relationship?