21. Raman and Brillouin scattering are usually observed at . . . . . . . .
22. When light is described as an electromagnetic wave, it consists of a periodically varying electric E and magnetic field H which are oriented at an angle?
23. Optical fibers suffer radiation losses at bends or curves on their paths.
24. The modal noise can be reduced by . . . . . . . .
25. Beat length of a single mode optical fiber is 0.6cm. Calculate the difference between propagation constants for the orthogonal modes.
26. When three wave components co-propagate at angular frequency w1, w2, w3, then a new wave is generated at frequency w4, which is given by?
27. A monochromatic wave propagates along a waveguide in z direction. These points of constant phase travel in constant phase travel at a phase velocity Vp is given by?
28. A single-mode optical fiber has an attenuation of 0.3dB/km when operating at wavelength of 1.1μm. The fiber core diameter is 4μm and bandwidth is 500 MHz. Find threshold optical power for stimulated Brillouin scattering.
29. The ratio of speed of light in air to the speed of light in another medium is called as . . . . . . . .
30. Estimate RMS pulse broadening per km due to intermodal dispersion for multimode step index fiber where length of fiber is 4 km and pulse broadening per km is 80.6 ns.
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