11. When a circular bar tapering uniformly from diameter d1, at one end to diameter d2 at the other end, is subjected to an increase in temperature (t), then the thermal stress induced is (where $$\alpha $$ = Coefficient of linear expansion and E = Modulus of elasticity for the bar material)
12. In a beam subjected to pure bending, the intensity of stress in any fibre is _________ the distance of the fibre from the neutral axis.
13. When a beam is subjected to a bending moment, the strain in a layer is __________ the distance from the neutral axis.
14. When a beam is subjected to bending moment, the stress at any point is __________ the distance of the point from the neutral axis.
15. The strength of the shaft is judged by the_____________.
16. According to Euler's column theory, the crippling load of a column is given by $${\text{p}} = \frac{{{\pi ^2}{\text{E}}I}}{{{\text{C}}{l^2}}}.$$ In the Euler's formula, the value of C for a column with one end fixed and the other end free, is
17. A pressure vessel is said to be a thick shell, when
18. The stress necessary to initiate yielding is
19. In the below figure, the plastic range occurs
20. A thin cylindrical shell of diameter (d), length ($$l$$) and thickness (t) is subjected to an internal pressure (p). The ratio of longitudinal strain to hoop strain is
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