31.
The relation between dendrite arm spacing (x) and the solidification time (t) is given by (A and n are constants)

37.
Metal A nucleates as a spheres in a melt. Assuming Y(liquid/solid surface energy) = 200mJ/m2 and ΔGv (change in volume free energy) = -108 J/M3 the critical radius (in nm) for stable nuclei is

38.
Two Cu-Ni alloys, one with 47 wt.% Ni and the other with 53 wt.% Ni, are kept in separate crucibles and are allowed to equilibrate at the same-temperature T1 between the liquidus and the solidus. The two alloys have

39.
Match the following.
Gruop-I Gruop-II
P. Line defect 1. Vacancy
Q. Point defect 2. Grain boundary
R. Area defect 3. Voids
S. Volume defect 4. Dislocations

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