12.
Assertion 'a': Hardenability of steel can be increased by adding certain alloying elements.
Reason 'r': The alloying elements can provide a fine dispersion of alloy carbides

13.
A copper sample has been metallographically analysed for determining its mean grain size. It is found to have an ASTM grain size number of 5. The number of grains per mm2 in the sample will be

15.
Match the following fracture surface features listed in Group I with the fracture mechanisms listed in Group II.
Group I Group II
P. Striations 1. Intergranular fracture
Q. Dimples and microvoids 2. Cleavage fracture
R. Flat facets and "river markings" 3. Ductile fracture
S. Jagged surface with grain-like features 4. Fatigue fracture

17.
in a typical Ellingham diagram for the oxides, the C + O2 = CO2 line is nearly horizontal because

18.
Match the following.
Group-I Group-II
P. Hot shortness 1. Overcome by adding excessive amount of manganese
Q. Cold shortness 2. Weld decay
R. Season cracking 3. Reduction in impact strength at low temperatures
S. Sensitization 4. Tendency of brasses to corrode due to high residual stress

20.
The interlamellar spacing, S, and the undercooling, ΔT below the eutectoid temperature in plane carbon steels are related as

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