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Current Affair of April 2025
National
1. Recently, a parliamentary report raised concerns about Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officers failing to file their Immovable Property Returns (IPRs). The report brought into light that 91 IAS officers did not file their IPRs in 2024 and 73 in 2023. This non-compliance has led to the denial of vigilance clearance for several officers.
2. The Tamil Nadu Assembly has recently passed a resolution urging the Government of India to reclaim Katchatheevu island from Sri Lanka. This decision received unanimous support from all political parties present. Chief Minister M. K. Stalin has brought into light the ongoing issues faced by Tamil Nadu fishermen, who frequently encounter arrests by the Sri Lankan Navy.
3. The Supreme Court of India recently upheld the 2016 regulations of the Rajasthan Electricity Regulatory Commission (RERC). These regulations govern the open access of power for industrial consumers. The court dismissed appeals from several industrial firms challenging the validity of these regulations.
4. Recently, the Supreme Court of India made ruling regarding the demolition of residential properties in Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh. The court condemned the actions of local authorities as "inhuman and illegal." It ordered the Prayagraj Development Authority to compensate affected residents, denoting the need for adherence to due process in such situations.
5. The Waqf Amendment Bill 2025, introduced in the Lok Sabha, aims to amend the existing Waqf Act of 1995. The most contentious change involves the removal of Section 40. This has sparked debate between the ruling coalition and opposition parties. Critics argue that omitting this section undermines the Waqf Board's authority, rendering it ineffective.
6. Recently, the Supreme Court rejected a plea by a senior couple who wanted to evict their son from their home under the Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007. The Act mainly provides a legal process for senior citizens to seek financial and physical support from their children/legal heirs.
7. The issue of cryptocurrency regulation in India has gained attention due to recent legal challenges faced by investors and exchanges. The National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission (NCDRC) recently dismissed a plea from investors claiming losses from a major hack at WazirX, a prominent crypto exchange.
8. The University Grants Commission (UGC) has introduced new regulations to enhance the recognition of foreign academic qualifications. This initiative aims to assist Indian students returning from abroad who often encounter challenges in having their degrees recognised. The UGC's regulations, effective from 4th April 2025, establish a clear and technology-driven process for assessing foreign qualifications.
9. The ongoing debate surrounding the delisting of monuments in India has intensified recently. A Parliamentary Committee has urged the Union Culture Ministry to establish an independent panel. This panel would reform the criteria for delisting a monument from the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) protected list.
10. Recently, the Supreme Court of India decided that all judges, including the Chief Justice, will publicly declare their assets. This decision follows a recent scandal involving a Delhi High Court judge found with large sums of cash. Historically, judges were not required to disclose their financial information.
11. The Digital Threat Report 2024 marks step in enhancing cybersecurity within the Banking, Financial Services, and Insurance (BFSI) sector in India. Launched by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, this report aims to address the escalating cyber threats faced by financial institutions.
12. The Supreme Court of India recently ruled on the authority of the Tamil Nadu Governor regarding the assent to state bills. This ruling addressed the legal implications of the Governor withholding assent and established clear timelines for decision-making. The judgement is in the context of the ongoing tensions between state governments and Governors, particularly in Opposition-ruled states.
13. The Rajasthan government is contemplating a complete ban on mining activities within a 10-kilometre radius of the Chittorgarh Fort. This UNESCO World Heritage site is at the centre of a legal dispute involving Birla Corporation Limited and the state. The Supreme Court has been involved since the Rajasthan High Court's 2012 ruling that prohibited mining near the fort.
14. The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) of 2023 introduced legal provisions addressing public health and safety. Section 271 specifically targets negligent acts that could spread infectious diseases dangerous to life. Section 271 of the BNS penalises individuals who unlawfully or negligently engage in actions likely to spread infectious diseases.
15. In a landmark ruling, the Supreme Court of India has established that the President must provide clear reasons when withholding assent to a bill. This ruling comes after the court's interpretation of Article 143 of the Constitution of India, which allows the President to seek the Supreme Court's opinion on legal questions.
16. On 14th April 2025, Telangana became the first state of India to implement the Scheduled Castes (SC) sub-categorisation. This landmark decision follows the passing of the Telangana Scheduled Castes (Rationalisation of Reservations) Act 2025. The Act aims to divide the existing 59 SC communities into three distinct groups to enhance the effectiveness of reservation policies in education and employment.
17. Recently, the Registrar General of India (RGI) issued a circular urging hospitals to report births and deaths within 21 days. This was prompted by findings that 10% of such events were unregistered. The RGI aims for universal registration under the amended Registration of Birth and Death Act, 1969.
18. The Waqf (Amendment) Act of 2025 has sparked legal and social debate in India. This legislation aims to reform the management of waqf properties, which are properties dedicated for Islamic religious and charitable purposes. Over 70 petitions have been filed against the Act by religious and political groups.
19. Recently, Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M. K. Stalin announced the formation of a high-level committee to review the Centre-State relationship in India. This committee, chaired by Justice Kurian Joseph, aims to reinforce the constitutional rights of Indian states. This initiative echoes a similar effort made almost 50 years ago by the then Chief Minister C. N. Annadurai.
20. The Jammu and Kashmir government is currently embroiled in controversy over its reservation policy. This policy governs job and educational institute reservations for various social groups. Recently, the National Conference (NC) government supported an amended policy in court. This occurred despite a prior commitment to review it before elections.
21. Recent developments in Indian politics have brought into light tensions between the judiciary and executive branches. Vice President Jagdeep Dhankhar has raised concerns regarding a Supreme Court ruling that imposed a deadline on the President to sign bills passed by state assemblies. This ruling, part of the Tamil Nadu versus the governor case, has been interpreted as an intrusion into executive powers, prompting Dhankhar to call for judicial accountability.
22. Article 355 mandates the Union to protect every state against external aggression and internal disturbances. Recently, the Supreme Court of India addressed a petition seeking the invocation of Article 355 in West Bengal. This was in response to violence during protests against the Waqf Amendment Act.
23. The Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C) has recently been authorised to share information with the Enforcement Directorate (ED) under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act. This initiative aims to combat rising cyber frauds, which increasingly target the general public.
24. The Supreme Court of India recently clarified the application of the doctrine of prospective overruling. This ruling emerged from criminal appeals against a Delhi High Court judgment. The High Court had upheld trial court orders, stating no legal violation under the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985. The Supreme Court's two-judge bench emphasised that invoking this doctrine should not be routine and must be justified by circumstances.
25. The Supreme Court of India has recently addressed concerns regarding uncontested elections. A public interest litigation has challenged Section 53(2) of the Representation of the People Act. This section allows candidates to be declared elected without a poll if the number of candidates equals the number of seats.
26. Recently, NITI Aayog revealed a very important report titled "Automotive Industry - Powering India's Participation in Global Value Chains". This report outlines the current landscape of India's automotive sector, identifies challenges, and proposes strategies to enhance India's role in global markets.
27. The India Justice Report (IJR) 2025 marks disparities in justice delivery across India. Released in April 2025, the report ranks states based on their capacity to deliver justice. Southern states dominate the rankings, with Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Telangana at the forefront.
28. The NITI Aayog has released report titled "Unlocking $25+ Billion Export Potential India's Hand & Power Tools Sector". This report marks the transformative potential of India's hand and power tools industry. It discusses the challenges and necessary interventions to strengthen the sector and enhance its global competitiveness.
29. Recently, the Global Alliance of National Human Rights Institutions (GANHRI) recommended downgrading India's National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) from 'A' status to 'B' status. This decision arose from concerns about the NHRC's independence and effectiveness in addressing human rights violations. The GANHRI, established in 1993, aims to promote and protect human rights globally through a network of national institutions.
30. The role of the Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha is crucial in the Indian parliamentary system. Established under Article 93 of the Constitution, this position is essential for maintaining the continuity and stability of legislative proceedings. However, there has been a concerning neglect of this office in recent years, leading to constitutional implications.
International
1. The Arctic region is witnessing rising tensions among global powers. Climate change is rapidly melting ice caps, revealing untapped natural resources and new shipping routes. This situation has led to increased military posturing and territorial claims among Arctic nations. Unlike the Antarctic, the Arctic lacks a comprehensive international treaty to manage these resources and maintain peace.
2. Due to increasing threat from Russia, NATO countries Poland, Finland, and the three Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania) are planning to leave the Ottawa Convention, which bans anti-personnel landmines. This international agreement aims to prohibit the use, stockpiling, production, and transfer of anti-personnel mines.
3. Recently, Bangladesh became the 54th nation to sign the Artemis Accords. The Artemis Accords aim to establish guidelines that ensure peaceful and cooperative exploration of outer space. The Artemis Accords originated in October 2020. They were established by the United States, NASA, and eight initial signatory nations.
4. Recently, agreement was reached allowing U.S. troops to deploy to facilities along the Panama Canal. The agreement permits military personnel to conduct training and exercises at Panama-controlled sites. However, it does not allow the establishment of new U.S. military bases, which could provoke local opposition.
5. Recently, India officially revoked the transshipment facility that allowed Bangladeshi exporters to transport goods through Indian territory to third countries. This decision has implications for trade logistics and costs, particularly affecting Bangladesh's exports to Western markets. The move follows rising tensions between India and Bangladesh, exacerbated by recent statements from Bangladeshi officials regarding China's economic involvement in Northeast India.
6. With cuts to the U.S. Agency for International Development's funding, local initiatives are gaining prominence. The SAARC Development Fund (SDF) stands out as important financial mechanism aimed at encouraging cooperation among South Asian nations.
7. The World Health Organization (WHO) has raised alarms about disruptions to health services due to reductions in official development assistance (ODA) for health. The cuts threaten health systems, especially in vulnerable regions. The WHO's findings indicate an urgent need for action and international cooperation to mitigate these effects.
8. Sudan is currently facing the world's largest humanitarian crisis. The ongoing civil war, which began in April 2023, has led to extreme hunger affecting nearly half of the population. Over 25 million people are in dire need of assistance. The conflict has resulted in widespread displacement, with millions fleeing their homes.
9. Recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced agreement aimed at enhancing global preparedness for future pandemics. This agreement emerged after extensive negotiations spanning over three years, reflecting a collective commitment to improve international health security. The agreement will be presented at the upcoming World Health Assembly for final approval.
10. Recent developments in the Yellow Sea have heightened tensions between China and South Korea. Following aggressive posturing in the South China Sea, China has constructed a massive steel rig, leading to confrontations with South Korean Coast Guards. This situation puts stress on the complex maritime disputes and overlapping territorial claims in the region.
11. The Government of India announced the suspension of the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) with Pakistan in response to a recent terror attack in Jammu and Kashmir. This decision marks shift in the relationship between the two nations. The treaty governs the sharing of water from the Indus River system. India's move follows a series of retaliatory actions aimed at addressing Pakistan's support for terrorism.
12. The ongoing humanitarian crisis in Gaza has intensified following recent Israeli actions against the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA). The UN has appointed British human rights activist Ian Martin to conduct a strategic review of UNRWA's operations. This review aims to assess the agency's effectiveness under current political and financial constraints.
13. Recently, Pakistan announced the suspension of the Cholistan Canal Project due to escalating tensions with India and growing internal dissent. This decision followed India's unilateral move to hold the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) in abeyance.
14. The Amnesty International recently released the "Death Sentences and Executions 2024" Report. According to the report, in 2024, the number of recorded executions worldwide surged to 1,518, the highest figure in nearly a decade. It revealed an increase in executions primarily in Iran, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia.
15. Recently, Google faced legal challenges regarding its market practices. A federal judge ruled that Google had illegally monopolised aspects of online advertising technology. This ruling marks the second time in less than a year that Google has been branded an abusive monopolist.
16. In a landmark enforcement of the Digital Markets Act (DMA), the European Union has imposed hefty fines on tech giants Apple and Meta. This action marks the first instance of penalties under the DMA, which aims to regulate Big Tech's influence in the digital marketplace. Apple faces a fine of 500 million euros, while Meta is fined 200 million euros.
17. Recently, Harvard University filed a lawsuit against the Trump administration. This marked escalation in the ongoing conflict regarding institutional oversight and federal funding. The administration had imposed a freeze on $2.2 billion in federal funding. The conflict centres on allegations of anti-Semitism at Harvard.
18. Recent archaeological studies reveal that economic inequality has been a persistent issue for over 10,000 years. New research indicates that human settlements with material inequality often lasted longer. However, the researchers clarify that this correlation does not imply that inequality causes settlement longevity.
19. The World Social Report 2025 reveals a troubling increase in economic insecurity and inequality. More than a third of the global population struggles with daily income levels that barely sustain them. The report urges immediate action to address these challenges, advocating for a new policy framework based on equity, economic security, and solidarity.
20. In recent years, the burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) has escalated in the WHO African Region. A report released by the World Health Organization (WHO) Africa assessed the PEN-Plus approach that aims to decentralise critical health services for severe NCDs. Since its adoption, twenty African countries have improved access to essential care, addressing public health threat.
21. India has recently increased its maritime claim in the central Arabian Sea by nearly 10,000 square kilometres. This move is part of India's strategy to establish an extended continental shelf. The claim was submitted to the United Nations, modifying an earlier claim to mitigate a long-standing dispute with Pakistan over maritime boundaries.
22. Recently, Mexico and the United States reached a critical agreement concerning water distribution from the Rio Grande basin. This agreement comes after rising tensions, including threats from U.S. President Donald Trump regarding tariffs and sanctions. The deal mandates Mexico to transfer additional water to Texas farmers.
23. Mark Carney's recent election as Prime Minister of Canada marks shift in the political landscape. He assumes leadership amid ongoing tensions with the United States under President Donald Trump. Carney, an economist with a history of crisis management, aims to strengthen Canada’s position on the global stage.
Defence
1. The fourth iteration of the India-U.S. tri-service Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) Exercise, known as Tiger Triumph, is set to take place from 1st to 13th April 2025. This exercise aims to strengthen cooperation and coordination between the Indian and U.S. armed forces in disaster response scenarios.
2. In the Financial Year 2024-25, India achieved milestone in defence exports, reaching Rs. 23,622 crore. This represents a growth of 12.04% from the previous year. The surge is attributed to increased sales of artillery shells, guns, and small arms. The growth reflects India's expanding role in the global defence market.
3. Recently, the Gujarat Police announced the launch of the GP-DRASTI initiative. This project aims to enhance policing through drone technology. The initiative seeks to reduce response times to incidents and improve overall public safety. With recent incidents of gang violence, the need for faster and more efficient policing methods has become critical.
4. The Advanced Light Helicopter (ALH), known as Dhruv, has faced operational challenges recently. Developed by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), the ALH has been grounded due to safety concerns following fatal crashes. This situation has raised alarms about the helicopter's reliability and the implications for military operations.
5. India's Ministry of External Affairs recently defended its strategic trade practices amid claims of improper arms supply to Russia. This comes in the context of ongoing geopolitical tensions and India's commitment to international trade regulations. The Ministry asserted that Indian companies adhere strictly to export controls and end-user commitments.
6. On 5th April 2025, the Indian Navy launched the Offshore Patrol Vessel INS Sunayna as part of the Indian Ocean Ship (IOS) SAGAR initiative. This event took place in Karwar, Karnataka, with Defence Minister Rajnath Singh presiding over the ceremony. The launch signifies India's commitment to regional maritime security and international cooperation in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).
7. India is set to enhance its naval capabilities with the commissioning of INS Varsha, a strategic naval base for nuclear submarines in coastal Andhra Pradesh. This initiative aims to counter China's expanding naval presence in the Indian Ocean Region. The base, located near Rambilli, is designed to provide a secure and advanced facility for India's nuclear submarines, ensuring operational readiness and stealth.
8. The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) recently introduced the BM-04, a next-generation short-range ballistic missile (SRBM), at a defence exhibition in Hyderabad. This missile is designed to enhance India's conventional strike capabilities, particularly against Pakistan.
9. India's Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) recently completed successful release trials of the Long-Range Glide Bomb (LRGB) named 'Gaurav'. Conducted from 8th to 10th April 2025, these trials took place using the Sukhoi-30MKI fighter aircraft. This advancement marks step towards enhancing India's aerial capabilities and its defence strategy.
10. The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) of India has successfully trialled the Mk-II(A) Laser-Directed Energy Weapon (DEW) system. This achievement, announced on 13th April 2025, marks India's entry into a select group of nations with high-power laser weaponry capabilities. The Mk-II(A) DEW system is designed to disable missiles, drones, and smaller projectiles efficiently.
11. The ongoing conflict in Gaza has intensified with Israel's military announcing the capture of the Morag axis. This strategic corridor is crucial for controlling southern Gaza. The move links routes along the Egyptian border. The military's actions have led to mass evacuations and increased tensions with Palestinian groups.
12. The sixth edition of the India-Uzbekistan joint military exercise, Dustlik, commenced on 16th April 2025, at the Foreign Training Node in Pune. This annual event alternates between India and Uzbekistan. The exercise aims to enhance military cooperation and improve capabilities for joint operations in various terrains.
13. Japan is set to enhance India's high-speed rail capabilities by providing two shinkansen trains for free. These trains, models E5 and E3, will serve as test vehicles for the Mumbai-Ahmedabad bullet train project. This initiative marks step in India's ambition to develop its first high-speed rail network.
14. The Philippines is set to host the Balikatan joint military exercise involving the United States, Australia and Japan. It will start 21st April and end 9th May 2025. Japan is set to formally participate for the first time in this exercise. The drills will mainly focus on defending the islands of Palawan and Luzon, which are close to tense areas in the South China Sea and the Luzon Strait.
15. EUNAVFOR Operation ATALANTA is naval operation of the European Union. It operates primarily in the Western Indian Ocean and the Red Sea. Recent developments include a proposed joint exercise with the Indian Navy scheduled for late May 2025. This exercise aims to enhance cooperation and tackle piracy threats in the region.
16. The Indian Air Force (IAF) has arrived at Al Dhafra Air Base in the United Arab Emirates to participate in Exercise Desert Flag-10. This multinational air combat exercise runs from 21st April to 8th May 2025. It includes air forces from various nations, enhancing global military collaboration.
17. Recently, the Indian Army achieved milestone by providing 4G and 5G mobile connectivity to remote border communities in Ladakh. This initiative aims to bridge the digital divide in high-altitude regions, including the challenging terrains of Eastern and Western Ladakh and the Siachen Glacier.
18. Recently, China successfully tested a hydrogen-based explosive device. This new weapon, developed by the China State Shipbuilding Corporation's 705 Research Institute, has demonstrated capabilities that exceed traditional explosives. The device showcases the potential for non-nuclear military applications while aligning with China's broader goals of modernising its military and integrating cleaner energy technologies.
19. India's maritime strategy has evolved in recent years, particularly with the introduction of the Mutual and Holistic Advancement for Security and Growth for All in the Region (MAHASAGAR) initiative. This strategic framework aims to enhance regional maritime security and cooperation, reflecting India's commitment to its 'Neighbourhood First' policy.
20. On 16th April 2025, India's Railway Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw announced the successful breakthrough of the country's longest rail tunnel at Janasu in Uttarakhand. This milestone is part of the Rishikesh-Karnaprayag Broad Gauge Rail Link Project. The breakthrough coincided with the 172nd anniversary of India's first railway service.
21. Recent events in Kashmir have brought into light the alarming use of M4 carbine assault rifles by terrorists. This pattern raises concerns regarding security in the region. The recent attack in Pahalgam, where gunmen armed with M4 carbines and AK-47s targeted tourists, has drawn attention to the origins of these American-made weapons.
22. Recently, the US military deployed an anti-ship missile launcher on Batan Island in the Philippines. This marked escalation in military presence near Taiwan and the South China Sea. The deployment occurred amid ongoing territorial disputes between China and the Philippines. The Chinese Coast Guard seized control of Tiexian Reef, intensifying tensions in the region.
23. The Pahalgam terror attack, which occurred on 26th April 2025, has drawn attention due to its tragic outcome. The attack resulted in the deaths of 26 tourists in Jammu and Kashmir. The National Investigation Agency (NIA) has taken over the investigation from local police, marking a critical step in addressing terrorism in the region.
24. India has recently finalised defence deal with France, worth Rs. 63,000 crore, to procure 26 Rafale-Marine fighter jets for its Navy. The deal includes 22 single-seater jets for carrier operations and four twin-seater trainer jets. Deliveries are expected to begin in 2028 and conclude by 2030.
25. The Iberian Peninsula experienced power blackout affecting both Portugal and Spain. The blackout led to widespread disruptions. Its cause is still under investigation. However, initial reports suggest a voltage fluctuation in the Spanish grid may have triggered the event.
26. Recent events have brought into light the differences in military capabilities between India and Pakistan. Following the Pahalgam terror attack, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) released its 2024 report on global military expenditure. The findings reveal a stark contrast in defence spending, with India investing substantially more than Pakistan.
Business, Economy & Banking
1. In December 2024, India's external debt reached approximately $718 billion. This marked an increase of 10.7% from the previous year. The surge in debt is attributed mainly to non-financial corporations seeking funds for infrastructure projects. The data shows rise in both short-term and long-term debts.
2. Chhattisgarh State Power Generation Company Limited (CSPGCL) is advancing its energy capabilities with the establishment of the first supercritical thermal power project (SCTPP) in Korba district. This project is part of an expansion of the existing Hasdeo Thermal Power Station (HTPS).
3. The global trade landscape has dramatically shifted following the announcement of extensive tariffs by US President Donald Trump in April 2025. This new economic strategy aims to protect American industries and combat trade deficits. The immediate effects were felt in global markets, leading to fluctuations in stock prices and commodity values. Economists warn that these tariffs could trigger a global recession, particularly impacting the world's poorest economies.
4. On 2nd April 2025, US President Donald Trump announced new "reciprocal tariffs," which he termed "liberation day." This announcement reverberated through global markets, causing volatility. A 90-day pause on some tariffs was declared on 9th April, leading to a brief relief rally in stock prices. However, the implications of these tariffs extend far beyond temporary market reactions.
5. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has introduced comprehensive draft guidelines aimed at regulating gold loans and expanding co-lending arrangements. These changes are designed to harmonise lending practices across financial entities, ensuring greater transparency and risk management in the gold loan sector.
6. On 4th April the US Federal Reserve Chair Jerome Powell said he was worried that President Donald Trump's new "Liberation Day" tariffs might cause stagflation - a mix of high inflation and slow economic growth. This situation poses unique challenges for policymakers.
7. The Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) is vital for understanding India's employment landscape. This survey provides data on key labour force indicators such as the Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR), Worker Population Ratio (WPR), and Unemployment Rate (UR).
8. The Government of India has recently launched the 'Global Tariff and Trade Helpdesk'. This initiative aims to assist stakeholders in navigating the complexities of international trade amidst changing tariff landscapes. The Ministry of Commerce and Industry announced this development in response to the evolving trade environment, which includes new tariff measures and increased import pressures.
9. Rare Earth Elements (REEs) are crucial in modern technology and industry. They are vital for manufacturing high-value goods, including defence systems and clean energy technologies. China has dominated the global rare earth market since the 1990s, supplying a staggering 85 to 95% of the world's demand.
10. UNCTAD recenty released a report titled "Trade and Development Foresights 2025 - Under Pressure: Uncertainty Reshapes Global Economic Prospects". According to the report, growth is expected to decline to just 2.3%. This marks a stark contrast to pre-pandemic growth rates. Various factors contribute to this downturn, including rising trade tensions, financial volatility, and increasing uncertainty.
11. India's manufacturing sector plays a vital role in its economy, contributing nearly one-fifth of the GDP. However, women's participation in this sector remains alarmingly low. The share of women in India's formal manufacturing workforce declined from 20.9% in 2015-16 to 18.9% in 2022-23. This decline is concerning, especially as the country aims to achieve the ambitious goal of Viksit Bharat.
12. Recently, India and the United States are advancing towards bilateral trade agreement (BTA). The negotiations are set to begin in Washington, DC, with a focus on an "early tranche" of discussions. This initial phase aims to address a limited set of issues, potentially concluding before the fall deadline. The agreement is structured across 19 chapters, covering vital areas such as digital taxation, tariff reductions, and non-tariff measures.
13. India's oil and gas sector has seen a remarkable surge in investment, attracting over $36 billion. This growth has resulted in 177 hydrocarbon discoveries, as reported by the Petroleum Ministry. The catalyst for this investment boom was the New Exploration Licensing Policy (NELP), which allowed bidders to recover costs before sharing profits.
14. Recent global tensions have heightened geopolitical risks, impacting economic and financial stability worldwide. Events such as wars, diplomatic conflicts, and terrorism can disrupt trade and investment. These disruptions can lead to declines in asset prices and curtail lending, which ultimately weighs on economic activity. Investors find it challenging to price these risks due to their unpredictable nature.
15. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into global economies is projected to enhance annual GDP growth by approximately 0.5% from 2025 to 2030. This growth is expected to surpass the costs associated with increased carbon emissions stemming from energy-intensive data centres.
16. Non-Tariff Barriers (NTBs) have emerged as an issue of contention in US-India trade ties. Recently, US Vice President J. D. Vance emphasised the need for India to remove these barriers to enhance market access. NTBs increase costs for traders. Exporters often face higher expenses due to compliance with destination country regulations.
17. India has made remarkable progress in reducing poverty over the past decade. According to a World Bank report, extreme poverty has decreased, with 171 million people lifted above the poverty line between 2011 and 2023. The report marks the disparities between rural and urban poverty, showcasing a dramatic decline in both sectors.
18. The Government of India has announced the amalgamation of several Regional Rural Banks (RRBs), effective from 1st May 2025. This move aims to enhance the efficiency of RRBs and reduce competition among public sector banks. The initiative is part of the One State, One RRB policy introduced by the finance ministry in September 2024.
19. Recently, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) released the final guidelines for the Basel III Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR). These rules are more relaxed compared to the earlier draft shared in July 2024. New LCR rules will be effective from 1st April 2026.
20. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has recently initiated three surveys aimed at enhancing its monetary policy framework. These surveys focus on inflation expectations and consumer confidence among urban and rural households. The findings will play important role in guiding the RBI’s decisions in upcoming Monetary Policy Committee meetings.
Science & Technology
1. The Future Circular Collider (FCC) is an ambitious project proposed by CERN to succeed the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Unveiled in 2025, the FCC aims to address fundamental questions in physics and enhance our understanding of the universe. This initiative is set to be one of the largest scientific undertakings in history, with a projected cost of approximately $17 billion.
2. OpenAI is poised to launch its first open-weight language model since GPT-2. The model is expected to feature reasoning capabilities. It aims to provide developers with publicly accessible trained parameters. This move comes in response to competition from other companies in the AI sector.
3. India's internet infrastructure is undergoing upgrade with the introduction of new undersea cable landing systems. The latest addition is Airtel's 2Africa Pearls, backed by Meta, which adds a remarkable 100 terabits per second of international bandwidth. Earlier this year, another key cable, SEA-ME-WE-6, was landed in Chennai and Mumbai.
4. India's Ministry of Health and Family Welfare is exploring the use of its established polio surveillance network to monitor other infectious diseases. This initiative comes as the country remains vigilant against emerging health threats. The last reported case of wild polio in India was in 2011, and the World Health Organisation declared the nation polio-free in 2014.
5. The World Health Organization (WHO) has released its first-ever reports about the serious shortage of medicines and tests for dangerous fungal infections. This concern is particularly pressing in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The reports highlight the urgent need for new research and development to fix these problems.
6. Chandrayaan-3, India's lunar exploration mission, successfully landed on the Moon's south pole on 23rd August 2023. Among its scientific instruments is the Chandra's Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE). This payload aims to investigate the Moon's thermal properties, crucial for future exploration and understanding of lunar conditions.
7. Recently, India and China emerged as the only developing nations with substantial private investments in Artificial Intelligence (AI). A recent UN report, UNCTAD Frontier Technologies Readiness Index, brought into light India's advancements in technology readiness and AI capabilities, placing it among the top countries globally.
8. India's aviation industry is experiencing rapid growth, with over 10 crore passengers annually. To sustain this growth, there is an urgent need for approximately 30,000 new pilots in the coming years. The introduction of the Hansa Next Generation (NG) trainer aircraft, developed by the National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL), aims to address this demand.
9. The Pioneer 11 spacecraft made contributions to space exploration during its mission in the late 1970s. Launched on 6th April 1973, it was part of important programme aimed at utilising a rare planetary alignment to study the outer planets of our solar system. This mission provided invaluable data on Jupiter and Saturn, shaping our understanding of these gas giants.
10. Acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL) is a rare but aggressive form of leukaemia. This blood cancer arises from a genetic mutation involving the fusion of PML and RARA genes. The result is decrease in white blood cells and platelets. This reduction hampers the body's ability to fight infections and manage bleeding.
11. Recently, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) achieved milestone with the controlled re-entry of the PSLV Orbital Experimental Module (POEM-4) into Earth's atmosphere. The successful re-entry puts stress on ISRO's commitment to managing space debris and promoting sustainable operations in outer space.
12. Recent developments in the study of blackflies have implications for managing river blindness, a serious parasitic disease. A team from the Zoological Survey of India has published findings in an international journal that highlight the importance of accurate species identification for effective control strategies.
13. Recent studies have revealed vital information about the opacity of iron in the sun. This opacity affects our understanding of stellar physics and the behaviour of stars. New research suggests that iron's opacity may be much higher than previously predicted, which could have deep implications for solar models and our understanding of the universe.
14. China has recently inaugurated the "Three Gorges Antarctic Eye" radio/millimetre-wave telescope. This facility is situated at the Zhongshan Station in Antarctica and marks advancement in China's astronomical research capabilities. The telescope is designed to study interstellar gas, particularly hydrogen and ammonia, and to investigate star formation processes.
15. In a groundbreaking achievement, scientists have revived the dire wolf, an extinct species that disappeared approximately 12,500 years ago. This remarkable feat was accomplished by Colossal Biosciences, a Texas-based company, using advanced genetic engineering techniques. The two pups were named Romulus and Remus.
16. Recent studies have brought into light concerns regarding the use of generative artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare. A recent investigation revealed that AI tools may offer biased diagnostic or treatment recommendations based on a patient's socioeconomic status or demographic profile. This bias can lead to unequal healthcare outcomes and potentially worsen existing disparities in medical care.
17. Recently, Google revealed its Ironwood processor, marking advancement in artificial intelligence (AI) technology. This chip is specifically designed for inference computing, which involves rapid calculations necessary for applications like chatbots.
18. Recently, Japan's West Japan Railway Company revealed the world's first 3D-printed train station in Arida town. This innovative project replaced a weathered wooden complex that had been in operation since 1948. The new station, Hatsushima, was constructed swiftly in under six hours, showcasing the potential of 3D printing technology in addressing the challenges faced by Japan's ageing infrastructure and workforce.
19. Recently, Maharashtra signed an MoU with Russia's state-owned company ROSATOM for the development a Small Modular Reactor (SMR). This initiative is notable as it is the first time a state government has ventured into nuclear energy development, traditionally under the purview of the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE).
20. Recent studies have revealed that certain lichens can survive harsh Martian conditions. This discovery challenges previous beliefs about life on Mars. The research shows that lichens not only endure extreme environments but also remain metabolically active. These findings have implications for astrobiology and the potential for life beyond Earth.
21. Recently, the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) acknowledged Type 5 diabetes as a distinct health condition during the World Diabetes Congress held in Bangkok. The condition, primarily affecting malnourished individuals, had remained largely unrecognised despite its global impact.
22. Signet ring cell carcinoma (SRCC) is a rare and aggressive form of cancer primarily affecting the gastrointestinal tract, particularly the stomach. This cancer is characterised by its distinct cell appearance, resembling a signet ring under a microscope. Despite being a subtype of adenocarcinoma, SRCC poses treatment challenges due to its rapid progression and tendency to metastasise, particularly to the peritoneum.
23. Recently, researchers in Assam announced the discovery of a new frog species named Leptobrachium aryatium. It was found in Garbhanga Reserve Forest, biodiversity hotspot near Guwahati. The frog is notable for its fiery orange-and-black eyes and unique throat pattern. Its rhythmic call at dusk adds to its distinctiveness.
24. India has recently launched its first International Technology Engagement Strategy for Quantum (ITES-Q) on World Quantum Day 2025. With a public investment of $735 million, India ranks 12th globally in quantum funding. In comparison, China leads with a staggering $15.3 billion. Despite lower funding, India holds the 6th position in terms of quantum science and technology startups, boasting 53 startups.
25. The World Health Organization (WHO) has introduced its first global guidelines on meningitis. These guidelines aim to enhance the diagnosis, treatment, and care of meningitis. They are essential for reducing mortality and disability associated with this disease. Despite the existence of effective vaccines and treatments, meningitis remains health threat worldwide.
26. The recent return of NASA astronauts Sunita Williams and Barry Wilmore marks the critical importance of safety protocols in human spaceflight. Their nine-month mission on the International Space Station (ISS) was a testament to rigorous safety measures. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is now implementing similar protocols for its Gaganyaan mission.
27. Recent research has revealed innovative "venom maps" that predict the venom characteristics of Russell's viper, a highly dangerous snake prevalent in India. Conducted by the Indian Institute of Science in Bengaluru, this study sheds light on how local climate conditions influence the composition and potency of the snake's venom.
28. India has recently achieved milestone in quantum communication by successfully demonstrating its first Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) transmission over a 4-core Multi-Core Fibre (MCF). This breakthrough marks a very important step in the nation's pursuit of secure digital communication networks.
29. Recent astronomical advancements have led to the discovery of an Intermediate-Mass Black Hole (IMBH) located in the faint galaxy NGC 4395, approximately 4.3 million light-years from Earth. This finding, made using India's largest optical telescope, the 3.6m Devasthal Optical Telescope, provides critical vital information about the formation and behaviour of black holes that range from 100 to 1,00,000 solar masses.
30. Recently, the Kerala State Electricity Board (KSEB) and the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT Bombay) launched a pilot project to explore Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology. This initiative aims to assess the feasibility of integrating Electric Vehicles (EVs) into Kerala's power grid.
31. Recently, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) tested a new Indian-made material for the nozzle divergent of the PSLV's fourth stage (PS4). The new material is Stellite (KC20WN) - a cobalt-based alloy developed in India. This innovation marks step towards self-reliance in India's space programme.
32. India, Poland, and Hungary are set to embark on human spaceflight mission next month. This marks the first government-sponsored flight for these nations in over 40 years. The Axiom Mission 4 will feature a four-person crew, including an American astronaut. They will conduct various scientific studies while stationed at the International Space Station (ISS) for two weeks.
33. The Lucy spacecraft is set to make flyby of the asteroid Donaldjohanson. This event is scheduled for 20th April 2025, and marks important step in its 12-year mission to explore ancient asteroids. Located 139 million miles from Earth, Donaldjohanson resides in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter.
34. Recent advancements in microbiome research have revealed a previously unknown species of methane-producing archaea, Methanobrevibacter intestini. This discovery marks step towards understanding the complex interactions between humans and their microbiomes. The findings were published in the International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology.
35. Recently, a team of 30 scientists from the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) proposed the development of the world's smallest semiconductors. This initiative aims to position India as a leader in semiconductor technology. The proposed chips will utilise two-dimensional (2D) materials like graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs).
36. Recently, scientists from the UK and Sweden revealed geological discovery beneath the icy waters of the Davis Strait. This area, which separates Canada's Baffin Island from Greenland, revealed a previously hidden landmass named the Davis Strait proto-microcontinent. This ancient crustal fragment is believed to be a remnant of the tectonic activity that occurred millions of years ago as Greenland and North America drifted apart.
37. India is on the brink of advancement in its nuclear energy sector with the commissioning of its first Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) in Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu. This marks the second stage of India's three-stage nuclear programme aimed at recycling spent fuel and minimising radioactive waste.
38. Recently, the Government of Andhra Pradesh made strides towards establishing India's first Quantum Computing Village in Amaravati. This initiative aims to create a pioneering ecosystem for quantum computing research and collaboration. The project is backed by the Real-Time Governance Society (RTGS) and is set to occupy 50 acres of land.
39. Recent advancements in the treatment of gonorrhoea have emerged with the introduction of a new oral antibiotic, gepotidacin. This drug has shown promising results in clinical trials, effectively combating the increasingly resistant strains of gonorrhoea. Health authorities express concern over the rising difficulty in treating this sexually transmitted infection.
40. Scientists are currently developing a Quantum Gravity Gradiometer Pathfinder (QGGPf) that can detect minute variations in gravity from low Earth orbit. These subtle shifts can reveal critical information about subsurface structures, including aquifers and mineral deposits. The implications of this technology extend to navigation, resource management, and national security.
41. On 24th April 2025, China will launch its Shenzhou-20 mission, carrying three astronauts to the Tiangong space station. This mission coincides with China's 10th Space Day, celebrating its achievements in space exploration. The crew will conduct various scientific experiments and replace the Shenzhou-19 crew, who will return to Earth shortly.
42. Recent archaeological findings have transformed our understanding of Mehrgarh, one of South Asia's earliest farming settlements. Previously dated to around 8000 BCE, new research suggests that its agricultural beginnings may actually date to between 5223 and 4914 BCE. This revelation challenges long-held beliefs regarding the origins of agriculture in the Indus Valley.
43. Zero-stage lung cancer, also known as Stage 0 lung cancer or carcinoma in situ, represents the earliest form of lung cancer. In 2023, veteran actor Sharmila Tagore publicly shared her personal battle with this condition. This stage is characterised by the presence of abnormal cells in the lining of the airways without invasive growth.
44. Recently, a remarkable discovery was made in the lush rainforests of Papua New Guinea. Herpetologist Fred Kraus identified a new species of snake known as Dendrelaphis anthracina, or the coal black tree snake. This 4-foot, 8-inch reptile was found on Sudest Island, showcasing the rich biodiversity of the region.
45. Recent research by the Zoological Survey of India has transformed the understanding of South Asian tree shrews. This study, published in the journal Ecology and Evolution, challenges previous classifications and marks the need for targeted conservation efforts.
46. The discovery of a new species of bacteria, Ca. Electrothrix yaqonensis, has opened new avenues in the field of bioelectricity. This bacterium, found on the central Oregon coast, is notable for its ability to conduct electricity. Its unique features and capabilities may have implications for medicine, industry, and environmental monitoring.
47. The Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre (IN-SPACe) has introduced a new initiative named Satellite Bus as a Service (SBaaS). This initiative aims to encourage private companies in India to design and develop satellite-bus platforms. The goal is to reduce import dependence and encourage innovation within the Indian space sector.
48. The European Space Agency (ESA) is set to launch its Biomass mission, aimed at mapping the world's forests. Scheduled for lift-off on 29th April 2025, this mission will enhance our understanding of forests' roles in the carbon cycle. The satellite will operate in a low Earth orbit, using a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) to assess forest biomass and carbon storage.
49. The Electrojet Zeeman Imaging Explorer (EZIE) mission, launched in March 2025, aims to investigate the auroral electrojet phenomena. These electrical currents, located 60 to 90 miles above the poles, connect the auroras to Earth's magnetosphere. The mission consists of three small satellites, or CubeSats, designed to study these currents and their relationship with solar activity.
50. Microgravity research has gained attention in recent years, especially with advancements in space missions. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is at the forefront, preparing for the Axiom-4 mission to the International Space Station (ISS). Scheduled for launch in May 2025, this mission will involve Indian astronaut Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla and will carry out seven selected microgravity experiments.
51. Recently, OpenAI introduced its latest reasoning models, o3 and o4-mini. These models are designed to enhance AI capabilities, aiming for more human-like reasoning. OpenAI claims these models represent leap in technology. However, they also admit to increased instances of inaccuracies, known as hallucinations.
52. India is gearing up for the launch of the NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) satellite, scheduled for June 2025. This satellite will monitor critical changes on Earth, including deforestation and natural disasters, utilising advanced radar technology. It will be carried by GSLV Mk II rocket.
53. Recent advancements in catalyst research have uncovered new vital information about proton adsorption behaviour. This is very important for developing electrocatalysts aimed at producing green hydrogen. The focus has shifted towards understanding how built-in electric fields (BIEFs) can enhance hydrogen production efficiency.
Government Schemes
1. The Delhi government has implemented increase in minimum wages for workers across various categories. Announced by Chief Minister Rekha Gupta, the new wage structure takes effect from 1st April 2025. This decision aims to alleviate the financial burden on workers amid persistent inflation.
2. The NITI NCAER States Economic Forum portal is set to be launched on 1st April 2025 by Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman. This initiative, a collaboration between NITI Aayog and the National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER), aims to provide a comprehensive repository of data on social, economic, and fiscal parameters spanning over three decades.
3. The Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) continues to be a mainstay of India's financial inclusion efforts as of the financial year 2024-25. Recently, the scheme achieved milestones, reaching 55 crore beneficiaries and accumulating a total balance of Rs. 2.5 lakh crore in accounts.
4. The Startup Mahakumbh 2025, scheduled for 3rd - 5th April 2025, at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi, is initiative by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs (MoTA). This event aims to empower Scheduled Tribe (ST) entrepreneurs by providing them with a platform to showcase their innovations and connect with industry leaders. It coincides with the Janjatiya Gaurav Varsh, celebrating the 150th birth anniversary of Bhagwan Birsa Munda, a prominent tribal leader.
5. Recently, West Bengal launched a groundbreaking initiative aimed at eradicating mother-to-child transmission of HIV, syphilis, and Hepatitis B by 2026. This project, known as the 'Triple Elimination' initiative, is a collaborative effort involving the West Bengal government, the William J. Clinton Foundation, and the World Health Organization.
6. Recently, Assam launched the 'Lakhpati Baideo' programme. This initiative aims to empower women entrepreneurs through financial support and training. Chief Minister Himanta Biswa Sarma announced the scheme, which targets 40 lakh women self-help group (SHG) members. The programme is designed to enhance women's financial independence and promote rural entrepreneurship.
7. The Government e-Marketplace (GeM) has marked achievement by facilitating the hiring of over 1 million manpower resources in the fiscal year 2024-25. This digital procurement platform, launched by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, aims to streamline public procurement processes for government organisations.
8. The Government of India has launched a unified digital platform named Krishi Nivesh to streamline investments in the agriculture sector. This initiative aims to enhance transparency and accessibility for investors. It integrates information from multiple ministries, including agriculture, food processing, and renewable energy.
9. The Government of India has recently approved phase two of the Vibrant Villages Programme (VVP). This initiative aims to encourage comprehensive development in strategic villages along international land borders. The first phase focused on villages near the China border. The second phase will expand to select villages across 15 states and two Union Territories until 2028-29.
10. The Government of India is intensifying efforts to combat cervical cancer through the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programme. The Union Health Ministry is set to enhance the capacity of frontline workers involved in the vaccination process. Recent discussions and strategies have emerged following the government's commitment in the 2024 interim budget to promote vaccination among girls aged 9 to 14.
11. The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) has recently launched a revamped Microdata Portal. This initiative was revealed during the Conference of State Government Ministers. The new portal aims to improve data accessibility and user experience. It integrates advanced technologies into the Official Statistical System.
12. The Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY) continues to evolve as a key initiative for promoting entrepreneurship in India. Recent statistics reveal that the Gross Non-Performing Assets (GNPA) under the scheme slightly increased to 2.21% during the 2024-25 financial year.
13. The Panchayat Advancement Index (PAI) was introduced by the Government of India in 2025. It ranks over 2.16 lakh panchayats based on their progress towards Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This initiative aims to enhance transparency and accountability in local governance.
14. The Government of India has recently launched the Electronics Components Manufacturing Scheme (ECMS) to strengthen its electronics manufacturing sector. This initiative aims to make India a global hub for electronics by promoting local production of passive components. The scheme was approved by the Cabinet with a funding allocation of Rs. 22,919 crore.
15. The Union Cabinet of India has recently approved the Modernisation of Command Area Development and Water Management (M-CADWM) scheme. This initiative is part of the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) and is set to commence in the 2025-2026 period. With an initial budget of Rs. 1,600 crore, the scheme aims to enhance irrigation infrastructure across the country.
16. Recently, the Investor Education and Protection Fund Authority (IEPFA) and India Post Payments Bank (IPPB) launched Phase 2 of the "Niveshak Didi" initiative. This collaboration focuses on increasing financial literacy among women in rural and underserved areas. The initiative aims to empower women through education and community involvement.
17. Recently, the Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI) launched a digital portal to facilitate private investment in the development of jetties and terminals on National Waterways. This initiative aims to enhance the Ease of Doing Business (EODB) and promote the growth of inland water transport (IWT) across India.
18. The Pradhan Mantri Poshan Shakti Nirman Scheme, formerly known as the National Programme of Mid-Day Meal, was renamed in September 2021. This centrally sponsored initiative aims to provide hot cooked meals to students in Government and Government-aided schools. It serves students from Balvatika to Class VIII on all school days.
19. The Karnataka caste census report was submitted to Chief Minister Siddaramaiah on 29th February 2024. This comprehensive survey aimed to gather socio-economic data on various caste groups within the state. The report is based on data from the 2015 socio-educational survey, which was studied using 54 indicators.
20. Recently, Odisha introduced a comprehensive health insurance scheme to enhance healthcare access for its citizens. The initiative merges the central Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana with the state-specific Gopabandhu Jan Arogya Yojana. This move aims to provide better healthcare coverage to portion of the population.
21. The Namami Gange Mission 2.0 (NGM 2.0) is an extension of the original Namami Gange Programme initiated in 2014. It is set to continue until March 2026. The mission is managed by the National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) under the Ministry of Jal Shakti and is fully funded by the central government.
22. On 11th April 2025, India unveiled a new Integrated Generation, Transmission and Storage Expansion Planning Model. It is a collaborative effort involving the Central Electricity Authority, The Lantau Group (TLG), and the Asian Development Bank (ADB). This tool aims to enhance resource adequacy in the power sector.
23. Karnataka is set to implement a differential levy on app-based platforms to establish a social security scheme for gig and platform workers. This initiative, if approved, could shape policies in other states of India. The proposed framework aims to create a dedicated welfare fund without imposing immediate costs on consumers or workers.
24. The PM Vidyalaxmi scheme was launched to support meritorious students in India. This initiative aims to provide financial assistance for higher education through collateral-free loans. Despite its noble intentions, the scheme has faced challenges in its implementation.
25. India faces a critical health challenge with rabies and snakebite fatalities. The government has introduced ZooWIN, a digital platform aimed at real-time monitoring of anti-rabies vaccines and anti-snake venom stocks. This initiative seeks to enhance healthcare delivery across the country and reduce mortality rates associated with these conditions.
26. The Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY) is initiative aimed at transforming India's fisheries sector. Launched in 2020, this scheme addresses critical gaps in fish production, productivity, and welfare of fishermen. Recently, Union Minister George Kurian announced various projects, including infrastructure development and financial assistance for fishermen under this scheme in Karaikal.
27. India's Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) system has revolutionised welfare delivery since its inception in 2013. By 2025, it has achieved remarkable efficiencies, saving Rs. 3.48 lakh crore and halving subsidy allocations. The system has expanded from 11 crore beneficiaries to 176 crore.
28. The Tamil Nadu Cabinet recently approved the Tamil Nadu Space Industrial Policy 2025. This policy aims to position the state as a leader in space innovation and high-value manufacturing. Gujarat has also introduced its SpaceTech Policy for 2025-2030, becoming the first state of India with a dedicated space sector policy. Both policies focus on attracting investments and encouraging job creation in the space sector.
29. The Uttarakhand government has initiated the Adarsh Sanskrit Village Programme to promote the ancient language of Sanskrit. The decision was made on 15th April 2025, by the state cabinet. This initiative aims to teach Sanskrit in one selected village from each of the state's thirteen districts.
30. The "Mahila Samvad" campaign was launched by Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar to enhance women's empowerment. This initiative aims to connect women with state welfare measures. The campaign is designed to inform and empower women across Bihar, especially in rural areas.
31. The Telangana government has launched the Telangana Bhu Bharati (Record of Rights) Act, 2025, to address land-related issues. This initiative follows the challenges posed by the previous Dharani portal, which was intended as a comprehensive solution for land transactions. However, the implementation led to numerous grievances among landowners.
32. The Maharashtra government has recently mandated the teaching of Hindi as a third language in schools. This decision aligns with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020. It affects both Marathi and English medium schools for students in classes 1 to 5. The change aims to enhance language skills and promote inclusivity.
33. The Central Government is considering extending Mission Anveshan. This initiative incentivises seismic surveys to map oil and gas deposits. Launched in fiscal year 2025, the programme aims to boost energy security by identifying new reserves. The scheme is set to conclude in fiscal year 2026 but may continue until fiscal year 2027.
34. The Pink E-Rickshaw initiative launched in Maharashtra aims to empower women by providing them with eco-friendly transportation options. Deputy Chief Minister Ajit Pawar recently announced the distribution of these electric rickshaws as feeder services at metro stations, airports, and tourist destinations.
35. The Yeshasvini health scheme is set for changes. A committee of experts has recommended a substantial increase in rates for medical procedures. This move aims to enhance healthcare access for rural beneficiaries in Karnataka. The report was submitted to Chief Minister Siddaramaiah and proposes revisions of up to 50% for complex procedures.
36. The Sachet mobile application, launched by the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), aims to improve disaster preparedness in India. Prime Minister Narendra Modi mentioned it recently during his 'Mann ki Baat' address.
37. The National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) has recently received tax exemptions from the Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT). This decision allows NMCG to be recognised as an authority under clause 46A of section 10 of the Income Tax Act, 1961. This exemption is crucial as it alleviates NMCG's tax liabilities, enabling it to focus on its core mission of rejuvenating the Ganga River.
38. The Jal Shakti Ministry has reported increase in the utilisation of funds for water resource schemes in the fiscal year 2024-2025. By the end of March 2025, nearly all central allocations were spent. This reflects improved efficiency in fund management and coordination with state governments.
39. The Ayushman Vay Vandana scheme was launched by the Delhi government to provide comprehensive healthcare coverage for senior citizens aged 70 and above. Chief Minister Rekha Gupta inaugurated the scheme alongside Union Minister Hardeep Singh Puri. The scheme offers free medical treatment worth up to Rs. 10 lakh annually, combining benefits from both central and state government health programmes.
40. Recently, the Madhya Pradesh government launched the 'Scheme for Implementation of Biofuel Projects in Madhya Pradesh' under its Renewable Energy Policy. This initiative aims to position the state as a leader in biofuel production. It leverages the state's agricultural strength and biomass resources to reduce fossil fuel dependency, enhance energy security, and create rural employment.
41. The Government of India has initiated the National Manufacturing Mission to enhance the Make in India initiative. Announced during the Union Budget of 2025, this mission aims to increase manufacturing's contribution to India's GDP. Currently, manufacturing accounts for 16-17% of GDP, and the government seeks to elevate this share.
42. Recently, India took step in its clean energy transition with the launch of the Green Hydrogen Certification Scheme of India (GHCI). The scheme will create a clear system to certify green hydrogen production, making the process more transparent, easy to track, and trusted by the market.
43. Maharashtra has introduced a comprehensive electric vehicle (EV) policy aimed at increasing EV adoption. This policy seeks to alleviate range anxiety and enhance charging infrastructure. The state government has allocated Rs. 1,995 crore to this initiative, doubling the previous funding.
Awards & Honours
1. The Sri Lanka Mitra Vibhushana is the highest civilian honour awarded by Sri Lanka. It recognises foreign leaders who have encourageed strong ties with the nation. Recently, Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi received this award during his state visit to Sri Lanka.
2. The 2025 Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics has recognised 13,508 physicists from four collaborative projects at CERN. This prestigious award, often referred to as the Oscars of Science, was announced on 5th April 2025. It marks advancements in life sciences, mathematics, and fundamental physics.
3. Prime Minister Narendra Modi recently commemorated Sir Chettur Sankaran Nair, a prominent nationalist and jurist. This recognition coincided with the 106th anniversary of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. Nair's fearless stance against British colonial rule and his courtroom battles have left mark on India's history.
4. The MacGregor Memorial Medal is a prestigious award recognising exceptional contributions in military reconnaissance and adventure. Recently, five military personnel received this honour for their achievements in 2023 and 2024. The award ceremony took place at the United Service Institution of India, presided over by Chief of Defence Staff General Anil Chauhan.
5. Dr. K. Kasturirangan, a celebrated figure in India's space exploration, passed away at the age of 84 on 25th April 2025. He was instrumental in the success of India's first lunar mission, Chandrayaan-1, and made contributions to education policy and scientific research. His legacy continues to inspire future generations in India and beyond.
6. AI Kiran is a national movement launched to promote women's leadership in Artificial Intelligence (AI) in India. As the nation's AI market is projected to reach $17 billion by 2027, the initiative aims to address the gender disparity in this rapidly evolving field. It is co-led by the Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser (PSA) to the Government of India, Verix (Blockchain-powered credentialing platform) and INK Women.
Sports
1. The Aditya Birla Memorial Polo Cup 2025 culminated in a thrilling final, with the Rajnigandha Achievers emerging victorious against Jindal Panther. The match, held in New Delhi. This prestigious tournament, honoring the late Shri Aditya Vikram Birla's passion for polo, saw some of the finest polo players from around the world come together to compete.
2. India's boxing contingent made a remarkable debut at the 2025 World Boxing Cup held in Foz Do Iguacu, Brazil. In a stunning performance, Hitesh Gulia emerged as the first-ever Indian boxer to win a gold medal at this prestigious event. This victory came after his opponent, Odel Kamara of England, was unable to compete in the final due to an injury.
3. The United Kingdom is poised to host the 2035 FIFA Women's World Cup, emerging as the only "valid" bidder for the prestigious event, as confirmed by FIFA President Gianni Infantino. With a joint bid submitted by England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, the home nations are set to bring the tournament to Europe for the first time since the 2023 edition.
4. Virat Kohli, one of the most consistent and celebrated batters in modern-day cricket, etched his name into the history books once again by becoming the first Indian cricketer to complete 13,000 runs in T20 cricket. The landmark was achieved during an IPL 2025 match between Royal Challengers Bengaluru (RCB) and Mumbai Indians (MI) at Wankhede Stadium, Mumbai.
5. Cricket is officially making a historic return to the Olympic Games at Los Angeles 2028, as confirmed by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) on 9th April 2025. The sport will feature six teams each for men's and women's T20 tournaments. This marks cricket's return to the Olympics after 128 years, its only prior appearance being at the 1900 Paris Games.
6. James Anderson, England's legendary fast bowler, has been awarded a knighthood in the resignation honours list of former Prime Minister Rishi Sunak, announced on 11th April 2025. Known for his remarkable longevity and record-breaking performances, Anderson retired from international cricket in 2024, leaving an unmatched legacy in Test bowling.
7. India's recurve men's archery team comprising Dhiraj Bommadevara, Atanu Das, and Tarundeep Rai began their 2025 season with a silver medal in the World Cup Stage 1 held in Auburndale, Florida. Despite being the world number two team, the Indian trio fell short in the final with a 1-5 loss to China, who were seeded third in the tournament.
8. Mohun Bagan Super Giant made history by winning the 2024-25 Indian Super League (ISL) title with a 2-1 victory over Bengaluru FC at the Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan in Kolkata. This victory was special for multiple reasons: it was the first time an ISL final was won at home, and Mohun Bagan became the first team to achieve a season double by securing both the ISL title and the ISL League Shield.
9. In only his third IPL match, Vaibhav Suryavanshi played an innings for the ages. Chasing the stiff target, he scored a century off just 35 balls, smashing 7 fours and 11 sixes. Nevertheless, the 35-ball hundred placed him second on the all-time list for fastest IPL centuries, behind only Chris Gayle.
10. India has once again affirmed its global leadership in yogic sports with a historic performance at the 2nd Asian Yogasana Sport Championship, clinching an astounding 83 gold medals. Held at the iconic K. D. Jadhav Arena in New Delhi, the championship brought together athletes from 21 nations, showcasing the growing appeal and competitive spirit of yogasana across Asia.
References:
jagranjosh.com
gktoday.in
business-standard.com
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