Current Affair of December 2025

National

1. The Union government has relaxed the Protected Area Permit (PAP) regime in Nagaland ahead of the Hornbill Festival, a move aimed at improving tourist inflow and strengthening cultural exchange. The decision follows sustained appeals from the state leadership and aligns with efforts to promote seamless travel during the state's largest annual event.

2. India's ambitious Samudrayaan project, the nation's first manned deep-sea submersible mission, has encountered scheduling delays as crucial syntactic foam components await delivery from France. The foam, central to ensuring buoyancy, must be installed before the next round of underwater trials, pushing the timeline for key tests into mid-2025.

3. A rare sighting of the rustic bunting at Najafgarh Jheel has marked a milestone for birdwatching in the National Capital Region. The passerine, scarcely recorded in India, was photographed and confirmed by local birders during a routine morning survey.

4. Visakhapatnam has added a major tourism landmark with the opening of India's longest cantilever glass skywalk at the Kailasagiri hilltop park. The new attraction, positioned at an elevation of about 862 feet, offers sweeping views of the coastline, surrounding hills and the Bay of Bengal.

5. India has recorded a significant decline in unemployment, reflecting broader improvements in labour market conditions and policy-driven efforts to expand job opportunities. Official data from the Annual Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) shows a steady fall in joblessness among those aged 15 years and above over a six-year period.

6. Andhra Pradesh is witnessing a sharp rise in scrub typhus infections, with districts such as Chittoor, Kakinada and Visakhapatnam reporting hundreds of cases. Health authorities warn that misdiagnosis as viral fever or seasonal illness is contributing to delayed treatment and increasing complications.

7. India has earned a historic leadership role on the global democratic stage, with Chief Election Commissioner Gyanesh Kumar confirming that the country will chair the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA) for the first time in 2026. The announcement marks a milestone in global recognition of India's electoral management.

8. Odisha Chief Minister Mohan Charan Majhi inaugurated the 36^th Konark Festival and the 15^th International Sand Art Festival on 1^st December, marking the beginning of five days of cultural celebration. The twin festivals highlight the state's artistic traditions through classical dance, music and sand sculpture.

9. BJP veteran Prem Kumar has been unanimously elected as the Speaker of the Bihar Legislative Assembly, marking a significant moment in the state's political landscape. His selection, supported by both treasury and opposition benches, reflects a rare display of consensus amid a competitive political environment.

10. The GST & Customs Pavilion of the Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs (CBIC) has secured the Gold Prize in the 'Public Outreach and Communication' category at the India International Trade Fair (IITF) 2025 in New Delhi. The recognition highlights the Pavilion's expansive engagement strategy, innovative presentation formats and inclusive approach to taxpayer communication.

11. India has secured re-election to the International Maritime Organization Council for the 2026-27 term, reaffirming its standing in global maritime governance. The country won 154 of 169 valid votes during elections held at the 34^th IMO Session in London, ensuring its continued presence in the influential body that shapes international maritime safety, security and environmental standards.

12. Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced that India has achieved a historic milestone by producing 357 million tonnes of foodgrains in 2025. Speaking during the 128^th episode of "Mann Ki Baat", he noted that this marks a 100-million-tonne increase over the past decade, reflecting the country's progress toward agricultural self-reliance and strengthened food security.

13. Great Nicobar Island continues to reveal exceptional biodiversity, with researchers describing a new snake species and documenting a potentially new bird species from the region. These discoveries add to nearly 40 species reported from the island since 2021, reaffirming its status as one of India's richest and least explored ecological landscapes.

14. Tesla CEO Elon Musk, in a recent episode of Nikhil Kamath's podcast "People by WTF", discussed the concept of the Kardashev Scale and its significance in assessing the advancement of civilisations. The episode, which has already crossed three million views, featured conversations on artificial intelligence, the future of money, and humanity's long-term energy prospects.

15. Delhi's Indira Gandhi International Airport has achieved the distinction of being the country's first water-positive airport among facilities handling over 40 million passengers annually. The certification reflects substantial progress in sustainable water management and long-term environmental planning.

16. Karnataka has launched the upgraded e-Swathu 2.0 platform, aimed at transforming property management in gram panchayats and significantly increasing government revenue. The initiative, inaugurated by Chief Minister Siddaramaiah in Bengaluru, is projected to regularise 95 lakh rural properties and generate up to Rs. 2,000 crore.

17. The Madras high court has reaffirmed that the Thengalai sub-sect of the Sri Vaishnava tradition alone holds the authority to lead key recitations and rituals at the historic Sri Devarajaswamy Temple in Kancheepuram. The decision settles a prolonged dispute between the Thengalai and Vadagalai groups regarding ritual leadership inside the temple.

18. Tamil Nadu has expanded its Geographical Indication (GI) portfolio with five newly certified products, strengthening recognition for the state's artisanal skills, agricultural heritage and indigenous raw materials. The additions bring Tamil Nadu's total number of GI-tagged items to 74.

19. India has begun developing its first national obesity guidelines in response to rising concerns flagged by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, who recently described obesity as a "silent crisis". The initiative aims to deliver evidence-based prevention and treatment strategies tailored to Indian demographics and health patterns.

20. India is accelerating efforts to build a resilient rare earth value chain as recent export restrictions by China exposed vulnerabilities in domestic supply lines. With demand rising sharply in electric mobility, defence and electronics, policymakers and industry leaders are pushing for a unified strategy to reduce import dependence and strengthen national capabilities.

21. Cipla has introduced Ciplostem, an innovative cell-based therapy for Knee Osteoarthritis (OA), marking a major milestone in India's orthobiologic treatment landscape. Approved by the Drug Controller General of India, the therapy provides a disease-modifying option for patients with Grade II and III OA and promises longer-lasting relief than conventional symptomatic treatments.

22. The Odisha government will convene the Global Energy Leaders' Summit (GELS) 2025 in Puri from 5^th to 7^th December, bringing national and international stakeholders together to deliberate on India's evolving energy landscape. The event aims to shape strategies to meet rising demand while aligning growth with sustainability and technological innovation.

23. India has introduced a major travel facilitation measure for Russian nationals, offering a free 30-day e-visa following high-level talks between Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Russian President Vladimir Putin in New Delhi. The initiative reflects an effort to deepen long-standing people-to-people ties and expand mobility between the two countries.

24. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network has appointed Dr. Renuka Iyer as its new Chief Medical Officer, marking a significant leadership transition for the organisation behind globally recognised cancer care guidelines. Dr. Iyer brings more than two decades of academic and clinical experience, with a distinguished record in gastrointestinal oncology and research into rare cancers.

25. Indian Railways has accelerated deployment of the upgraded Kavach 4.0 automatic train protection system, commissioning it across 738 route kilometres on the Delhi-Mumbai and Delhi-Howrah corridors. Railway Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw informed Parliament that the technology is being rolled out rapidly and is already delivering strong safety outcomes.

26. The Department of Posts under the Ministry of Communications has proposed DHRUVA - Digital Hub for Reference and Unique Virtual Address - as a key component of India's national digital public infrastructure. The initiative aims to create an interoperable, standardised and user-centric digital addressing ecosystem that can support seamless public and private service delivery.

27. The Zonal Bench of the National Green Tribunal in Chennai is organising the Regional Conference on Environment 2025 on 6^th and 7^th December. The two-day event aims to strengthen institutional cooperation and advance a shared regional vision for environmental protection and sustainable development.

28. The Ministry of Tourism, in collaboration with the Ministry of Culture and Sangeet Natak Academy, is hosting the third edition of Krishnaveni Sangeetha Neerajanam in Vijayawada on 6^th and 7^th December 2025. Supported by Andhra Pradesh Tourism and the State Department of Culture, the festival highlights the depth of Telugu musical traditions while promoting cultural identity and music tourism.

29. The 11^th India International Science Festival (IISF) began on 6^th December 2025 and will continue until 9^th December in Panchkula, Haryana. Launched in 2015, IISF has become one of India's premier platforms for promoting scientific temper, public engagement in science and collaboration among researchers, students, innovators and policymakers.

30. Jamshedpur is mourning the unexpected demise of Ritu Raj Sinha, managing director of Tata Steel Utility Infrastructure and Services Ltd (TS UISL). His sudden passing at the age of 58 has left the city grappling with the loss of a senior executive whose leadership played a key role in improving urban services and civic standards.

31. Maharashtra has achieved a significant milestone in renewable energy by installing 45,911 off-grid solar agricultural pumps within just 30 days. The accomplishment, recognised by Guinness World Records, highlights the state's rapid transition toward clean irrigation systems and reduced dependence on conventional electricity.

32. Renowned Bengali actor Kalyan Chatterjee has died at the age of 81 after undergoing treatment for typhoid and age-related ailments. His passing marks the end of an era for Bengali cinema, where he built a prolific career spanning more than five decades and over 400 films.

33. The Adani Group has announced a major digital infrastructure investment in Hyderabad with plans to establish a 40 MW AI green data centre. The project, unveiled at the Global Summit, aims to support India's accelerating digital transformation while advancing sustainable technology development.

34. India's National Intelligence Grid (NATGRID), designed to provide secure real-time access to multiple government and private datasets, is witnessing a significant rise in usage with around 45,000 requests being logged each month. The system, operational since last year, is increasingly turning into a key investigative tool for policing and intelligence agencies.

35. Union Minister for Road Transport and Highways Nitin Gadkari delivered a strong message on old diesel vehicles and rising pollution levels while addressing the Zee Media Auto Summit 2025. He reiterated that phasing out ageing diesel and petrol vehicles is essential for protecting public health and reducing India's fuel import burden.

36. India has introduced a national R&D roadmap to advance Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage (CCUS) technologies, positioning them as critical tools for achieving the country's 2070 net-zero target. The initiative aims to drive coordinated research, investment and deployment across industries with high emissions.

37. Indian rice-exporting companies witnessed sharp declines on Dalal Street after US President Donald Trump warned of potential new tariffs on Indian rice imports. His remarks, made during an event announcing relief measures for American farmers, intensified trade tensions and triggered immediate volatility in rice-related stocks.

38. A recent International Monetary Fund assessment has recognised India's Unified Payments Interface as the world's largest retail fast-payment system by transaction volume. The finding highlights India's rise as a global leader in digital payments, driven by strong policy support and rapid merchant adoption nationwide.

39. The civil aviation ministry has ordered a 10% reduction in IndiGo's winter flight schedule after widespread operational failures disrupted passenger services. The move escalates the earlier 5% cut imposed by the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) and marks the government's first strong punitive step against India's largest domestic carrier following a week of severe network disruptions.

40. The Supreme Court has clarified that while the Election Commission cannot conclusively determine a person's citizenship, it retains the authority to inquire into citizenship when doubts arise during voter registration. The ruling reinforces that citizenship is a constitutional prerequisite for voting and not merely a procedural formality linked to residence and age.

41. Telangana concluded the two-day Telangana Rising Global Summit with investment commitments worth Rs. 5.75 lakh crore, marking one of the State's most significant capital mobilisation efforts. The event showcased the government's push to position Telangana as a hub for advanced energy systems, large-scale data infrastructure and future-ready urban development.

42. New Delhi will welcome representatives from more than 100 countries as India hosts the second edition of the WHO Global Summit on Traditional Medicine. The event underscores rising global interest in holistic, preventive and culturally rooted healthcare systems.

43. Amazon has unveiled a major expansion strategy for India, committing USD 35 billion by 2030 to accelerate AI-driven digitalisation, export growth and large-scale job creation. The announcement signals the company's intent to deepen its long-term presence in one of its fastest-growing global markets.

44. The issuance of an Interpol Blue Notice against Saurabh and Gaurav Luthra has intensified efforts to trace their movements after the fatal Goa nightclub fire that claimed 25 lives. The brothers, owners of the nightclub involved in the incident, left India for Thailand soon after the blaze and are now the focus of an international information-gathering request.

45. India has taken a significant step in strengthening its deep tech innovation ecosystem with IIT Bombay unveiling the country's first academia-linked deep tech venture capital fund. The Rs. 250-crore initiative aims to accelerate the transition of high-end research into scalable commercial ventures.

46. IIT Madras has inaugurated the IITM C-DOT Samgnya Technologies Foundation, a national centre dedicated to advancing India's quantum communication capabilities. The hub, established at the IIT Madras Research Park, will anchor national efforts in developing secure quantum technologies through collaboration with academia, industry, start-ups, and global partners.

47. President Droupadi Murmu's two-day visit to Manipur has generated contrasting reactions across the state, prompting security forces to intensify operations ahead of her arrival. The visit comes at a sensitive time as communities continue to grapple with prolonged conflict and humanitarian challenges.

48. India inaugurated the 3^rd Session of the Council of the International Organization for Marine Aids to Navigation (IALA) in Mumbai, marking a significant milestone in the country's expanding role in global maritime governance. The virtual inauguration was led by the Union Minister for Ports, Shipping and Waterways, Sarbananda Sonowal.

49. India's Pilot Project under the "World's Largest Grain Storage Plan in Cooperative Sector" has prompted significant policy upgrades to strengthen food-grain storage at the Primary Agricultural Credit Society (PACS) level. The initiative aims to address national storage deficits by converging multiple central schemes to create modern agri-infrastructure.

50. The Ministry of Railways is pursuing large-scale modernisation through the Amrit Bharat Station Scheme, a long-term initiative aimed at improving passenger experience and transforming stations into integrated urban centres. The scheme adopts phased master planning to ensure structured, sustainable development.

51. A major boost to India's innovation ecosystem has arrived with the inauguration of the Google for Startups Hub at T-Hub in Hyderabad. The collaboration between Google and the Telangana government aims to strengthen AI-first entrepreneurship, expand market access, and provide world-class mentoring within one of India's most dynamic startup regions.

52. NLC India Limited (NLCIL), a Navratna public sector enterprise under the Union Ministry of Coal, has taken a significant step towards renewable energy expansion with a new solar power project in Uttar Pradesh. The company has received a Letter of Acceptance from the National Capital Region Transport Corporation Limited (NCRTC) for setting up a large grid-connected solar photovoltaic plant.

53. Unseasonal weather conditions are emerging across parts of South India as Cyclone Bakung strengthens over the Indian Ocean. Although the system is not expected to make landfall over India, changing wind patterns and atmospheric circulation linked to the cyclone are influencing temperatures, bringing an unusual winter-like chill to several southern states.

54. AIIMS Delhi has marked a major milestone in India's stroke care ecosystem by conducting the country's first dedicated clinical trial of an advanced brain stent for severe strokes. The trial, known as GRASSROOT, evaluated the Supernova stent developed by Gravity Medical Technology and demonstrated strong safety and efficacy outcomes. The achievement positions India among a select group of countries capable of independently generating high-quality clinical evidence for advanced neurointerventional devices.

55. India has stepped up its humanitarian and infrastructure assistance to Sri Lanka following the devastation caused by Cyclone Ditwah. Under Operation Sagar Bandhu, New Delhi has deployed engineering and medical teams to restore damaged connectivity and support affected communities, reinforcing its Neighbourhood First policy and long-standing bilateral ties.

56. Lakshadweep has hosted its first-ever investor's meet focused on unlocking the fisheries and aquaculture potential of the island territory. Organised at Bangaram Island, the event aimed to attract private investment into sustainable marine sectors and strengthen the blue economy. The initiative was led by the Centre in collaboration with the Lakshadweep administration.

57. Senior BJP leader and Bihar minister Nitin Nabin formally took charge as the Bharatiya Janata Party's National Working President at the party headquarters in New Delhi on 12^th December. His appointment marks an important organisational development as the ruling party prepares for leadership transition and future electoral challenges at the national level.

58. Uttarakhand Chief Minister Pushkar Singh Dhami participated in the 47^th All India Public Relations Conference 2025 held in Dehradun, highlighting the growing importance of strategic communication in governance and nation-building. The three-day national event brought together public relations professionals, policymakers, and communication experts from across India and abroad, reinforcing Dehradun's role as a platform for policy dialogue and professional exchange.

59. The Umngot Traditional Boat Race and Tri-Hills Ensemble Festival concluded at Darrang in Meghalaya's West Jaintia Hills district on 13^th December, marking a vibrant revival of indigenous river-based traditions. Organised by the state department of arts and culture, the festival blended heritage sports, cultural performances and conservation messaging along the Umngot river.

60. The Archaeological Survey of India held a National Workshop in New Delhi in November 2025 to refine the thematic framework of Project Mausam. The event brought together experts from multiple disciplines to shape the project's future direction, including its aims, scope and collaborative activities across the Indian Ocean region.

61. Sikkim Chief Minister Prem Singh Tamang on Tuesday officially declared Cho La and Dok La open for tourists under the "Bharat Ranbhoomi Darshan" initiative. The move marks a significant step towards promoting border tourism while strengthening development and connectivity in India's frontier regions.

62. Retired IAS officer Raj Kumar Goyal was sworn in as the Chief Information Commissioner of the Central Information Commission on 15^th December. The appointment marks a key administrative development in India's transparency and information governance framework.

63. The Bannerghatta Biological Park has imported eight black-capped capuchin monkeys from South Africa under a formal animal exchange programme. The move aims to enhance genetic diversity and strengthen conservation-oriented zoological management at the park.

64. Tesla has inaugurated its first electric vehicle charging station in Gurugram, marking a significant milestone in the company's efforts to strengthen India's electric mobility infrastructure. Located at DLF Horizon Centre, the facility underlines Tesla's intent to build a reliable and accessible charging ecosystem to support the growing adoption of electric vehicles in the country.

65. The National Highways Authority of India has introduced India's first wildlife-safe road on National Highway 45 in Madhya Pradesh. The initiative aims to reduce animal-vehicle collisions while balancing highway development with wildlife conservation in ecologically sensitive regions.

66. Prime Minister Narendra Modi is set to visit Assam for two days from 20^th December to inaugurate and dedicate a series of major infrastructure and development projects. The visit underscores the Centre's focus on boosting connectivity, industrial growth, and public infrastructure in the Northeast, with Guwahati emerging as a key regional hub.

67. Renowned Indian sculptor Ram Sutar, best known as the designer of the Statue of Unity, the world's tallest statue, passed away at his residence in Noida at the age of 100. He died due to age-related ailments, marking the end of an era in Indian monumental art and public sculpture.

68. Uttar Pradesh is set to create history with the establishment of India's first dedicated forest university, marking a major step in strengthening education and research in forestry, wildlife, and environmental sciences. Contrary to expectations that such an institution would be located in a metro city, the university will be established in Gorakhpur, eastern Uttar Pradesh.

69. Jammu & Kashmir marked a key milestone in postal modernisation with the inauguration of its first Gen Z Post Office at the AIIMS Vijaypur campus. The initiative is part of the Department of Post's wider effort to transform traditional campus post offices into technology-driven, youth-oriented service centres. With this launch, AIIMS Vijaypur has become the first AIIMS in India to host a Gen Z Post Office.

70. Air pollution, measured through the Air Quality Index (AQI), is now one of India's most persistent public health and economic challenges. While the severity varies across regions - with southern States relatively better placed than the north - high AQI is a national problem. Yet, policy responses remain hesitant and incremental.

71. India's long and uneven experience with spatial industrial policy has made policymakers deeply sceptical of zoning as a development tool. Special Economic Zones (SEZs), rolled out under the 2005 law, were meant to catalyse export-led growth, attract foreign investment and rebalance regional disparities.

72. Tripura is set to host the second Prabashi Tripurabasi Summit 2025-26, marking a significant step in reconnecting with natives of the state residing outside its geographical boundaries. Scheduled to be held in Agartala, the summit seeks to strengthen ties between Tripura and its widespread diaspora, both within India and abroad.

73. The Delhi Metro marked 23 years of passenger operations by running its first-ever train, TS#01, as a special commemorative service. The occasion celebrated the journey of one of India's most successful urban mass transit systems, recalling the historic launch of metro services in the national capital in 2002.

74. Esther Lalduhawmi Hnamte, a nine-year-old singing prodigy from Lunglei district in Mizoram, has emerged as a national symbol of youthful patriotism. Her powerful rendition of "Vande Mataram" captivated millions across India and earned her the prestigious Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puraskar, the country's highest civilian honour for children.

75. Prime Minister Narendra Modi will visit Lucknow on 25^th December to commemorate the 100^th birth anniversary of former Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee. The day, observed nationally as Good Governance Day, will feature programmes honouring Vajpayee's legacy and contributions to India's political and developmental landscape.

76. In a landmark move to strengthen consumer safety and product quality, the Bureau of Indian Standards has notified India's first-ever national standard for agarbattis. Announced on National Consumer Day 2025, the new standard, IS 19412:2025, introduces clear norms on raw materials, burning performance, fragrance quality, and chemical safety.

77. Rock layers in western India are offering rare insight into a prehistoric world shaped by extreme heat and shifting continents. Fossil remains discovered in Gujarat suggest the existence of an exceptionally large snake dating back to the early Eocene epoch, around 47 million years ago.

78. A 14-year-old innovator from Assam's Jorhat has earned national recognition for her pioneering efforts in promoting sustainable practices. Aishi Prisha Borah has been conferred the Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puraskar for her exceptional contributions in science and technology, highlighting the growing role of young minds in addressing environmental challenges through innovation.

79. China has opened to traffic the world's longest expressway tunnel, marking a major infrastructure milestone in its western region. The newly inaugurated Tianshan Shengli tunnel in Xinjiang significantly cuts travel time across one of the country's most challenging mountain terrains and strengthens connectivity between northern and southern parts of the autonomous region.

80. Tripura Legislative Assembly Speaker Biswabandhu Sen passed away early Friday (26^th December) morning at a hospital in Bengaluru after prolonged treatment following a massive cerebral stroke. He was 72. Sen's demise has plunged Tripura into deep mourning, with tributes pouring in from across the political spectrum and beyond.

81. Union Home Minister Amit Shah on 27^th December, outlined an ambitious overhaul of India's internal security architecture, calling for the creation of an "impenetrable anti-terrorism grid" and announcing a "360-degree strike" strategy against organised crime. Addressing the Anti-Terrorism Conference-2025 in New Delhi, Shah said the measures were essential to safeguard future generations from evolving security threats.

82. More than thirty years after being removed from India's official tiger range, Gujarat has been formally recognised again as a state with tiger presence. The decision follows confirmed photographic evidence of a tiger residing in the Ratanmahal Sanctuary in Dahod district. Gujarat will now be included in the All-India Tiger Estimation (AITE) 2026.

83. Union Minister for Health and Family Welfare J. P. Nadda, along with Madhya Pradesh Chief Minister Mohan Yadav, laid the foundation stones of two medical colleges in Dhar and Betul districts on Tuesday. These institutions mark a national first, as they are the country's earliest medical colleges to be developed under the public-private partnership (PPP) model.

84. The Vice-President of India, C. P. Radhakrishnan, released the book "Economic Empowerment of Bharat in the Modi Era" at the Vice-President's Enclave on Tuesday. Authored by Sikander Kumar, the publication examines India's economic transformation over the past decade under the leadership of Prime Minister Narendra Modi.

85. The decision by a division bench of the Delhi High Court to suspend the life sentence of former BJP MLA Kuldeep Sengar in the 2017 Unnao rape case has reignited debate around judicial discretion, survivor safety, and the interpretation of criminal law. While the order offers Sengar partial relief, it does not mean his release from prison - at least not yet.

86. India's economic resilience has stood out in recent years, but beneath the headline growth numbers lies a persistent fault line: wide disparities in performance across states. Per capita incomes differ sharply, as does the structure of economic activity. For India to realistically achieve its ambition of becoming a developed nation by 2047, growth cannot remain concentrated in a handful of regions.

87. India's food security system is often showcased as a triumph of scale: more than 800 million people receive free rice and wheat under the National Food Security Act. Yet behind this achievement lies an uncomfortable fiscal and administrative truth. "Free" food is anything but free.

88. The Delhi High Court has ruled that criminal proceedings under the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act cannot be dismissed merely because the child victim turns hostile during trial. The court held that such cases must be examined in the broader context of vulnerability, coercion, and available scientific evidence, particularly when the accused is a family member or caregiver.

89. A rare sighting of the clouded leopard has been recorded in Kakoi Reserve Forest in Assam, marking a significant development in wildlife conservation in the eastern Himalayan foothills. Captured through camera-trap monitoring, the discovery highlights the ecological value of smaller forest reserves in sustaining threatened carnivore populations beyond major protected areas.

90. President Droupadi Murmu is set to undertake a rare and symbolic submarine sea sortie from Karwar Harbour in Karnataka on 28^th December. The event forms a key part of her four-day official tour covering Goa, Karnataka, and Jharkhand, and underlines the President's close engagement with India's armed forces and strategic institutions.

91. The year 2025 opened with rare optimism for India's foreign policy. After a domestically focused 2024 election cycle, New Delhi appeared ready to reassert itself diplomatically - with trade deals in sight, regional ties being repaired, and major power relationships seemingly stabilising.

92. A major archaeological discovery in Jammu and Kashmir has brought the region's long-overlooked Buddhist heritage into sharp focus. Excavations at Zehanpora village in Baramulla district have revealed a 2,000-year-old Buddhist site, prompting Prime Minister "Narendra Modi" to describe the find as a "proud moment" that reflects Kashmir's deep cultural and civilisational roots.

93. The Rajasthan government has launched a new digital communication platform, "e-Swasthya Samvad", aimed at strengthening governance, transparency and coordination in the state's medical education system. The initiative reflects the state's push towards technology-driven reforms to improve health services and administrative efficiency.

94. The Principal Bench of the National Green Tribunal in New Delhi has dismissed an appeal challenging the cancellation of environmental clearance for sand mining in the Dhasan river in Jhansi district. The tribunal held that the appeal was time-barred and arose from gross non-compliance with environmental clearance conditions, reaffirming the strict statutory limits governing environmental litigation.

95. India holds the world's third-largest reserves of rare earth elements, yet its production remains marginal on the global scale. A recent report highlights a persistent mismatch between India's resource endowment and its actual output, underlining deep structural and regulatory bottlenecks in the mining and processing ecosystem.

96. India has committed to ending child marriage by 2030 under the UN's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). While official data shows a steady decline over the past two decades, the persistence of the practice across States and social groups reveals a complex gap between national commitments and local realities.

97. As India braces for continued global trade uncertainty, micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) have urged the Union government to treat Budget 2026-27 as a moment of course correction. In a detailed representation to Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman, industry groups have called for targeted credit support, export risk buffers, and simpler compliance norms, arguing that micro enterprises are bearing the brunt of tariff wars, currency volatility and regulatory overload.

98. India's latest GDP data points to more than a cyclical rebound. With growth broad-based across sectors and domestic demand holding firm despite global uncertainty, the numbers suggest a gradual strengthening of the economy's underlying structure. At the centre of this momentum lies a fast-expanding services and financial sector, increasingly acting as a stabiliser and growth engine.

99. For India's foreign policy establishment, 2025 unfolded less as a year of steady diplomacy and more as a succession of shocks. From a disruptive return of Donald Trump to the White House, to turbulence in India's neighbourhood and prolonged global conflicts, New Delhi found many of its assumptions tested.

100. The Lok Sabha's passage of the Sustainable Harnessing and Advancement of Nuclear Energy for Transforming India (SHANTI) Bill marks the biggest shake-up of India's nuclear sector since the early decades after Independence. Touted by the government as a historic reform that will unlock clean energy and private investment, the Bill has also drawn sharp criticism from the Opposition.

101. President Droupadi Murmu is scheduled to visit Jamshedpur and Adityapur on 29^th December in her first official visit to the region after assuming office. The one-day visit holds cultural and academic significance, marking key engagements related to tribal heritage and higher education in Jharkhand.

102. The Indian Space Research Organisation marked a major milestone in its small satellite launch programme with the successful ground test of an upgraded third stage of the Small Satellite Launch Vehicle. The test, conducted on 30^th December 2025, clears the enhanced stage for induction into upcoming SSLV flight missions and strengthens India's launch-on-demand capability.

103. In a significant regulatory move, the Union Health Ministry has banned all oral formulations of Nimesulide exceeding 100 mg. The decision, notified on 31^st December 2025, cites potential health risks to humans and the availability of safer alternatives, reinforcing India's tightening oversight of pharmaceutical safety.

104. External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar will inaugurate Shaastra 2026, the annual technical festival of the Indian Institute of Technology Madras, on 2^th January. The five-day, student-managed event will run until 6^th January and is expected to attract more than 80,000 visitors from across India and abroad, reaffirming its status as one of the country's largest technology festivals.

International

1. Turkey has announced a major breakthrough in unmanned military aviation after its Bayraktar Kizilelma uncrewed fighter jet successfully shot down a jet-powered target aircraft using a beyond-visual-range (BVR) missile. The demonstration marks a global first for UAV-led air-to-air combat and highlights rapid advancements in Türkiye's defence technology ecosystem.

2. Pakistan and Egypt have agreed to revitalise their long-dormant bilateral partnership by expanding cooperation across economic, commercial, cultural and defence sectors. The decision emerged during a two-day visit by Egypt's foreign minister Badr Abdelatty to Islamabad, signalling renewed strategic engagement after years of limited interaction.

3. Kuwait has launched its first geological park, marking a major step toward promoting environmental education, research and eco-tourism. The new site showcases the nation's natural landscapes, rare geological formations and cultural heritage while supporting its wider vision for sustainable development and economic diversification.

4. Oxford University Press has selected "rage bait" as its 2025 Word of the Year, reflecting the rising influence of provocative online content in shaping digital behaviour. The choice highlights how social media ecosystems increasingly reward posts designed to trigger strong emotional reactions, particularly anger, to boost visibility and engagement.

5. Fresh allegations have emerged that Georgian authorities deployed a World War-I era chemical agent, Camite, during protests in Tbilisi in 2024. A recent investigation has revived global attention on the little-known compound and its controversial history in riot control.

6. Syria has revived state-owned print media with the launch of "Al Thawra Al Souriya", the first official newspaper issued since the collapse of Bashar al-Assad's regime. The publication marks the return of printed dailies after a five-year gap and signals a shift in the country's media landscape.

7. The International Water Management Institute and the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation have launched SoLAR Phase II, a multi-country initiative designed to accelerate socially inclusive and climate-resilient solar adoption in agriculture. Building on the results of Phase I (2019-2024), the programme now spans India, Bangladesh, Kenya and Ethiopia, aiming to expand solar irrigation solutions and strengthen clean energy transitions in farming communities.

8. Scromiting, a rapidly rising medical concern, is drawing global attention as emergency departments report increasing cases linked to long-term cannabis use. Recently recognised by major health bodies, this condition highlights a growing public health challenge as cannabis consumption becomes more frequent worldwide.

9. A new United Nations Development Programme assessment has raised concerns that artificial intelligence could widen the divide between wealthy and poorer nations if deliberate policy action is not taken. While AI offers transformative opportunities, the report highlights that benefits may disproportionately accrue to advanced economies, leaving vulnerable populations further behind.

10. The World Health Organization has issued its first guideline recommending GLP-1 therapies as part of long-term obesity treatment, marking a significant shift in global clinical practice. With over one billion people affected worldwide, the agency aims to expand safe, evidence-based options while highlighting major challenges around affordability and equitable access.

11. Saudi Arabia and Russia have entered a new phase of strategic cooperation by signing a mutual visa exemption agreement that allows citizens of both nations to visit each other visa free for up to 90 days. The pact marks the most extensive travel facilitation arrangement yet undertaken by Riyadh with any country for regular passport holders.

12. Gateway cargo operations at the Vizhinjam International Container Transhipment Terminal are now expected to commence by January 2026, following a delay from the earlier target of November. The revised timeline was shared at a stakeholders' meeting convened by Customs, marking a crucial step in India's efforts to strengthen direct global shipping connectivity from the southern coast.

13. Sudan has approved a landmark agreement allowing Russia to set up its first naval base in Africa, securing Moscow a strategic foothold on the Red Sea. The announcement followed high-level talks in Moscow between Sudanese Foreign Minister Ali Youssef Ahmed al-Sharif and Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov, concluding years of delayed negotiations.

14. South Korea has intensified efforts to strengthen data protection rules after a major cyberattack on Coupang compromised the personal details of 33.7 million users. Prime Minister Lee Nak-yon urged lawmakers to impose tougher penalties on companies that fail to safeguard consumer data, stressing the need to maintain public trust in the nation's rapidly expanding digital economy.

15. The United States has announced a sweeping pause on all immigration applications-including green cards and citizenship requests-from individuals belonging to 19 non-European countries. The decision marks a significant escalation in the Trump administration's approach to legal immigration, which it now frames as a national security priority.

16. US President Donald Trump has issued a sweeping declaration that all official documents signed by former President Joe Biden using an autopen are "null and void." The move has triggered a major political and legal debate, as autopen signatures have been a routine administrative practice across multiple US administrations for decades.

17. Thailand has formally removed its long-standing prohibition on afternoon alcohol sales, marking a significant policy shift in a country known for strict liquor regulations. The decision reflects changing social and economic considerations, particularly in tourism and retail sectors.

18. The European Union has confirmed a phased plan to eliminate all Russian natural gas imports by 2027, signalling a major geopolitical and energy market shift. The decision follows years of tension arising from Russia's use of energy supplies as political leverage.

19. Google has re-emerged as a central force in Silicon Valley, not for its flagship consumer products but for its advances in AI hardware. Growing interest in its Tensor Processing Units (TPUs), now in their seventh generation, has triggered a market-wide debate on the future of AI infrastructure, especially as major players such as Meta and Anthropic explore large-scale TPU adoption.

20. Thailand has formally conveyed its aspiration to join BRICS and is seeking India's backing ahead of New Delhi's chairmanship of the grouping in 2026. The announcement came during a solemn National Day reception in New Delhi, where Thailand highlighted its intent to contribute to inclusive multilateralism and deeper South-South cooperation.

21. India and Israel have expanded their long-standing cooperation in agriculture with a new agreement focused on manufacturing and commercialising pheromone-based crop protection technologies. The initiative introduces a joint venture designed to take Indian-developed semiochemical innovations to global markets.

22. Japan's leading power generator JERA has finalised its first long-term liquefied natural gas export agreement with India's Torrent Power, marking a strategic milestone in energy cooperation between the two nations. The arrangement is structured to support India's rising electricity and industrial demand while optimising Japan's seasonal LNG requirements.

23. China recorded a historic trade surplus of more than $1 trillion by the end of November, driven by strong demand from non-US markets despite continued weakness in shipments to the United States. The latest export surge reversed the previous month's decline and exceeded market forecasts, marking a significant moment in global trade dynamics.

24. A powerful 7.6-magnitude earthquake struck northeast of Misawa in Japan, prompting authorities to issue an immediate tsunami warning. The event highlights Japan's continued vulnerability to major seismic disturbances due to its tectonic setting. The US Geological Survey confirmed the quake's magnitude and depth, while national agencies moved swiftly to alert coastal communities.

25. Kilauea, one of the world's most active volcanoes, produced new lava fountains as part of its ongoing eruptive phase, marking another intense episode within Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. The latest activity was captured through summit webcam livestreams that showed rapid escalation soon after the eruption began.

26. Vietnamese conglomerate Vingroup will invest $3 billion in Telangana across multiple high-impact sectors, strengthening the State's long-term development vision. The agreement was signed during the Telangana Rising 2047 Global Summit, marking one of the largest international commitments secured by the State in recent years.

27. The US Food and Drug Administration has approved AIM-NASH, the world's first AI-based tool designed to support liver disease drug trials. The technology aims to make biopsy interpretation for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) faster, more consistent and more reliable for clinical research.

28. Lithuania has imposed a national emergency following a series of balloon incursions from neighbouring Belarus, which authorities believe may form part of a hybrid pressure tactic. The balloons have repeatedly disrupted air traffic and raised concerns about public safety and cross-border destabilisation.

29. India is intensifying its diplomatic outreach to Europe, with German Chancellor Friedrich Merz scheduled to visit New Delhi in January. The engagement comes soon after the Russian President's visit and ahead of the India-EU summit, signalling New Delhi's intent to balance major power relationships while strengthening ties with the European bloc.

30. Pakistan's Punjab Assembly has adopted a resolution calling for a complete political ban on jailed former prime minister Imran Khan and his Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) party. The move reflects escalating tensions between the political establishment, the military leadership and Khan's supporters, marking a new phase in Pakistan's ongoing political confrontation.

31. India and Bangladesh have carried out a reciprocal release of fishermen detained for inadvertently crossing the international maritime boundary. The exchange reflects ongoing efforts by both governments to manage such incidents through humanitarian considerations and bilateral coordination.

32. The United Arab Emirates has achieved one of its most significant diplomatic milestones with its passport now ranked among the world's strongest. The 2025 Henley Passport Index places the UAE in the top tier of global mobility, reflecting years of sustained foreign policy efforts and expanded international partnerships.

33. Italy's Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Antonio Tajani has arrived in New Delhi for his second visit to India in 2025, reflecting the growing momentum in bilateral engagement and strategic cooperation between the two nations.

34. Diwali has been officially inscribed on UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage list, marking global recognition of one of India's most celebrated festivals. The announcement, made during UNESCO's ongoing session in New Delhi, has sparked nationwide celebrations and renewed focus on cultural preservation.

35. The Indian Air Force staged a large-scale aerial demonstration at Air Force Station Mohanbari in Dibrugarh to commemorate Vijay Diwas, honouring India's victory in the 1971 war. The event highlighted the IAF's historic contribution to the liberation of Bangladesh and showcased its current operational capabilities to a wide audience.

36. The seventh UN Environment Assembly in Nairobi is set to begin under intense negotiation as member states remain sharply divided over the adoption of UNEP's Medium-Term Strategy for 2026-2030. The strategy, central to defining global environmental priorities, faces calls for renegotiation even after extensive consultations.

37. The United States has unveiled a sweeping National Security Strategy outlining a shift in its global priorities under President Donald Trump. The document emphasises renewed dominance in the Western Hemisphere, military strengthening in the Indo-Pacific, and a possible reassessment of relations with Europe.

38. The United States has reinforced its strategic interest in Pakistan's critical minerals by approving major financing for the Reko Diq mining project in Balochistan. The $1.25-billion support from the US Export-Import Bank marks one of Washington's largest mineral-sector partnerships in Pakistan and signals a shift in regional geopolitical alignments.

39. Amul has renewed its collaboration with the Argentina Football Association (AFA) for a fourth consecutive year, strengthening its presence in global sports marketing. The extension secures Amul's role as the official regional sponsor of the Argentine national football team during the 2026 World Cup cycle.

40. India and Brazil have formalised a major defence partnership with the signing of a tripartite Memorandum of Understanding involving the Indian Navy, the Brazilian Navy, and Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited (MDL). The agreement aims to strengthen long-term maintenance support for Scorpene-class submarines and expand naval cooperation between the two nations.

41. China and Brazil have strengthened their scientific partnership by launching a joint laboratory for space technologies, marking a significant step in bilateral cooperation despite growing US pressure on Latin American nations to curb ties with Beijing. The initiative underscores both countries' commitment to advancing shared research in astronomy and deep-space exploration.

42. Andrej Babis, the populist billionaire and leader of the ANO movement, has been sworn in as the Czech Republic's new Prime Minister following his party's strong performance in the October parliamentary elections. His return marks a major shift in national politics with a new coalition poised to alter the country's domestic and foreign policy priorities.

43. The United States government has launched a new investor-linked residency scheme, branded the Gold Card, offering wealthy individuals and corporations a fast-tracked route to permanent residency and eventual citizenship. The programme was announced in Washington, reflecting a major shift in immigration policy towards attracting high-value talent and capital.

44. The United Arab Emirates has enacted Federal Decree-Law No. (12) of 2025 to strengthen protection and care for children whose biological parents are unknown or not legally identified. The reform modernises the country's child welfare system and places the best interests of these vulnerable children at the centre of all decisions, ensuring dignity, stability, and equal opportunities.

45. UNESCO has taken a major step towards protecting global cultural diversity by inscribing several endangered traditional arts and crafts on its List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding. The move draws attention to cultural practices that are at risk of disappearing and require immediate protection, documentation, and community support to survive for future generations.

46. Chile has elected Jose Antonio Kast as its new president, marking the most right-wing leadership shift since the country's return to democracy. The runoff election concluded after a polarising campaign focused on crime, migration, and economic stagnation. Kast defeated leftist rival Jeannette Jara in a contest shaped by public frustration with insecurity and slow growth.

47. Pakistan is facing mounting international pressure over allegations that former prime minister Imran Khan is being held in prolonged solitary confinement in Rawalpindi's Adiala Jail. Human rights groups, opposition leaders, and international bodies have raised concerns that the detention conditions violate international law and may amount to psychological torture.

48. India has emerged as the world's third most competitive country in artificial intelligence, ranking behind only the United States and China. The finding comes from Stanford University's Global AI Vibrancy Tool, highlighting India's growing influence in the global AI race despite its lower-middle-income status.

49. The United Arab Emirates has formally entered the regulated online sports betting and iGaming space with the launch of Play971, its first officially licensed digital wagering platform. Regulated by the General Commercial Gaming Regulatory Authority (GCGRA), the move represents a landmark shift for a country historically known for strict anti-gambling laws rooted in cultural and religious principles.

50. Saudi Arabia and China have signed a mutual visa exemption agreement for holders of diplomatic and official passports, marking a further strengthening of their strategic partnership. The agreement was concluded during Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi's official visit to Riyadh, which coincided with the 35^th anniversary of diplomatic relations between the two countries.

51. Australian authorities have identified the perpetrators of the deadly Bondi Beach terror attack as a father-son duo, Sajid Akram and Naveed Akram. The shooting, described as the worst mass attack Australia has seen in decades, targeted a Jewish community gathering celebrating the first night of Hanukkah near Sydney's Bondi Beach, leaving at least 15 people dead.

52. Italian cuisine has achieved a historic global distinction after being officially recognised by UNESCO as an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. The recognition marks the first time an entire national cuisine, rather than a single dish or technique, has received this status.

53. India and Jordan have issued a comprehensive joint statement following Prime Minister Narendra Modi's official visit to the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan on 15^th - 16^th December 2025. The visit, held at the invitation of King Abdullah II ibn Al Hussein, coincided with the 75^th anniversary of diplomatic relations between the two countries and reaffirmed their commitment to expanding cooperation across strategic sectors.

54. Canada has enacted a major reform to its citizenship framework with the coming into force of Bill C-3 on 15^th December 2025. The amendment to the Citizenship Act addresses long-standing grievances faced by thousands of people previously excluded from citizenship due to restrictive descent rules. The change has wide implications for families with generational ties to Canada living abroad.

55. Prime Minister Narendra Modi has been conferred Ethiopia's highest national award, marking a historic moment in India-Africa relations. He became the first global head of state or government to receive the prestigious honour, underscoring the growing strategic and diplomatic partnership between India and Ethiopia.

56. The United States has sharply escalated pressure on Venezuela after President Donald Trump declared the Maduro regime a "Foreign Terrorist Organisation" and announced a blockade on sanctioned oil tankers. The move signals a major intensification of Washington's strategy against Caracas, directly targeting the backbone of Venezuela's economy and deepening geopolitical tensions in the region.

57. India reiterated its commitment to global harmony and inclusive values at the 11^th United Nations Alliance of Civilizations forum held in Riyadh. The statement reflected India's emphasis on dialogue, pluralism and peaceful coexistence amid rising global divisions.

58. Prime Minister Narendra Modi has proposed doubling India-Jordan bilateral trade to $5 billion over the next five years, signalling a renewed push to deepen economic engagement between the two countries. Addressing the India-Jordan Business Forum in Amman, Modi invited Jordanian businesses to leverage India's strong growth momentum, large consumer base and stable policy environment to build long-term commercial partnerships.

59. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has announced a major natural gas export agreement with Egypt, describing it as the largest gas deal in Israel's history. Valued at approximately $34.6 billion, the long-term agreement significantly expands Israel's role as a regional energy supplier and reinforces strategic cooperation with Egypt amid a complex political environment.

60. India has once again emerged as the world's worst offender in doping violations, topping the global list for the third consecutive year, according to the latest World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) report. The findings have raised serious concerns as the country intensifies efforts to host major international sporting events, including future Commonwealth Games and a potential Olympic bid.

61. The United States Congress has voted to permanently lift sanctions imposed on Syria during the rule of former president Bashar al-Assad, marking a major shift in Washington's policy towards the war-torn nation. The move signals warming ties with the government led by interim President Ahmad al-Sharaa and opens the door for foreign investment and economic reconstruction after more than a decade of conflict.

62. India and Oman have signed a landmark Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA), marking a major expansion of bilateral trade and investment ties. The free trade pact aims to significantly boost market access, liberalise services, and strengthen mobility for skilled professionals.

63. Senior officials of SJVN Ltd undertook a comprehensive review of the 900 MW Arun-3 Hydroelectric Project in Nepal, reaffirming India's commitment to cross-border clean energy cooperation. Chairman and Managing Director Bhupender Gupta, accompanied by Ajay Kumar Sharma, Director (Personnel), visited key project sites to assess construction progress, operational challenges and adherence to safety and quality benchmarks under difficult Himalayan conditions.

64. Israel has announced plans to open an embassy in Fiji next year, marking a significant step in expanding its diplomatic footprint in the Pacific region. The decision follows Fiji's move to inaugurate its own embassy in Jerusalem in September, a development that placed the island nation among a small group of countries with diplomatic missions in the contested city.

65. Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Wednesday paid homage at the Adwa Victory Monument in Addis Ababa, commemorating Ethiopia's landmark victory in the 1896 Battle of Adwa. The visit highlighted India's respect for Africa's anti-colonial legacy and underscored the deepening strategic and historical ties between India and Ethiopia.

66. Singapore Changi Airport has been voted the best international airport in the world for 2025 at India's Best Awards, organised by Travel+Leisure. The recognition reflects strong global traveller preference, with readers ranking Changi highest for overall travel experience, comfort, and facilities among international airports.

67. Pakistan's already fragile water situation is set to face fresh pressure as the Taliban-led government in Afghanistan moves ahead with plans to divert water from the Kunar River towards the Nangarhar region. The proposed project has triggered concerns in Islamabad over reduced downstream flows into Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the risk of renewed strain in Afghanistan-Pakistan relations.

68. Despite starting the 20^th century from economic positions comparable to several East Asian economies, India's development trajectory has diverged sharply. Countries such as China and South Korea built large, competitive manufacturing sectors that powered growth, exports and employment.

69. The J-1 visa was conceived as a soft-power instrument - a way for the US to project its values through short-term cultural exchange. Young people would arrive, work briefly, learn, and return home with a favourable impression of American society.

70. The United States has carried out what President Donald Trump described as "powerful and deadly" military strikes against Islamic State (IS) operatives in north-western Nigeria. The action marks a significant escalation in Washington's counterterrorism posture in West Africa and follows heightened rhetoric from the White House on militant violence in the region.

71. Israel has formally recognised the Republic of Somaliland as an independent state, becoming the first country to do so more than three decades after the region declared separation from Somalia. The move marks a significant geopolitical development in the Horn of Africa and represents a historic shift in Israel's diplomatic engagement with unrecognised or partially recognised states.

72. Tensions in Yemen have intensified after southern separatists accused Saudi Arabia of launching airstrikes against their forces in the east of the country. The incident highlights growing fractures within the coalition battling the Iran-backed Houthi movement and raises fresh concerns about stability in the conflict-hit nation.

73. For more than three decades, Somaliland has functioned like a country in all but name. That changed when Israel announced it was formally recognising Somaliland as a sovereign state - the first UN member to do so. The move has elevated Somaliland's diplomatic profile but also triggered sharp regional pushback, underlining how geopolitics in the Horn of Africa are becoming increasingly entangled with West Asian rivalries.

74. Last week's European Union summit in Brussels marked a turning point in Europe's handling of the Ukraine war. Instead of seizing Russia's frozen sovereign assets - estimated at around €210 billion - the EU chose a far more cautious path: raising a €90-billion Eurobond to financially sustain Ukraine.

75. Israel's decision to formally recognise Somaliland as an independent state has sent shockwaves across Africa and the Middle East, triggering swift diplomatic condemnation and raising fears of renewed instability in the already fragile Horn of Africa. While the move may appear symbolic, its geopolitical consequences are anything but - touching questions of sovereignty, regional rivalries, and the future of international norms around secession.

76. Poland has announced plans to construct a $2.2 billion multi-layered anti-drone defence system along its eastern border, citing rising security concerns linked to Russia's military actions. The project reflects Warsaw's growing focus on countering aerial threats and strengthening airspace security amid the prolonged Russia-Ukraine conflict.

77. Indian-origin technology leader "Jayshree Ullal" has emerged as the richest Indian-origin professional manager in the world after securing the top position on the Hurun India Rich List 2025. Her rise reflects the growing global influence of Indian-origin executives in shaping the technology sector.

78. A silent ecological invasion is unfolding across vast regions of the world, driven by "Lantana camara", an aggressive invasive weed now entrenched across tropical, subtropical and warm temperate zones. Easily recognised by its brightly coloured, bouquet-like flowers and strong scent, the plant has spread across millions of hectares, posing serious threats to biodiversity, agriculture and forest ecosystems.

79. Astronomers have uncovered a rare glimpse into the chemical evolution of a young, planet-forming star system after a dramatic structural change exposed previously hidden molecular signatures. Observations of the star "T Chamaeleontis", located about 350 light-years from Earth, show that a partial collapse of its circumstellar disk's inner wall briefly illuminated complex organic chemistry, offering new insights into how planetary systems evolve.

80. Iran has successfully placed three domestically developed satellites into low-Earth orbit using Russian Soyuz launch vehicles, further underscoring deepening strategic and technological cooperation between the two U.S.-sanctioned countries. The launch took place on 28^th December and was confirmed by Iranian state media.

81. China has launched a large-scale military exercise encircling Taiwan, prompting the island to deploy its armed forces in response. The drill, announced on 29^th December, reflects heightened tensions across the Taiwan Strait and reinforces Beijing's increasingly assertive posture toward the self-ruled island, which China claims as its own territory.

82. North Korea has test-fired two strategic long-range cruise missiles in a display of what it described as heightened "combat readiness," according to state media reports released on 29^th December. The launch underscores Pyongyang's continued emphasis on strengthening its nuclear-capable strike forces amid persistent tensions with the United States and South Korea.

83. The global trading system is entering a phase not of leadership vacuum, but of active disruption. While 2025 may be remembered as the year US President Donald Trump dramatically escalated protectionism, the deeper reality is more unsettling: the world's two largest economic powers - the United States and China - are simultaneously imposing costs on the rest of the world.

84. Nepal's recent youth-led uprising has shaken not only Kathmandu's political establishment but also the assumptions that have long underpinned India-Nepal relations. What began as protests against a social media ban and entrenched corruption quickly escalated into a full-blown political rupture, forcing the resignation of a government, dissolving Parliament, and opening a period of deep uncertainty in India's immediate neighbourhood.

85. Bangladesh lost one of its most influential political figures on 30^th December with the death of former Prime Minister and Bangladesh Nationalist Party chairperson Khaleda Zia at the age of 80. Her passing closes a defining chapter in the country's post-independence politics, shaped by intense rivalry, alternating governments, and landmark democratic transitions.

86. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has announced that US President Donald Trump will be conferred Israel's highest civilian honour, the Israel Prize for Peace, following high-level bilateral talks in Florida. The announcement was made during a joint press briefing after the leaders met at Trump's Mar-a-Lago residence, marking a rare diplomatic gesture with significant symbolic and political weight.

87. A confirmed case of measles, one of the world's most contagious viral diseases, has been detected at Newark Liberty International Airport in the United States amid peak holiday travel. Health agencies have issued alerts and intensified contact tracing as passenger volumes surge nationwide.

88. Australia will eliminate customs duties on 100% of its tariff lines for Indian exports from 1^st January 2026, marking a major milestone under the India-Australia Economic Cooperation and Trade Agreement (Ind-Aus ECTA). The decision is expected to significantly deepen bilateral trade ties and improve market access for Indian exporters, especially in labour-intensive sectors.

Defence

1. The Indian Army has strengthened its long-range strike capability with a successful combat launch of the BrahMos supersonic cruise missile from a test range in the Bay of Bengal. Conducted on 1^st December, the mission showcased high levels of preparedness and technological precision under simulated battle conditions.

2. India has moved to strengthen its unmanned surveillance and reconnaissance capabilities by placing fresh orders for satellite-linked Heron Mk II drones. The decision follows lessons from Operation Sindoor, which highlighted the growing importance of unmanned platforms in modern warfare.

3. India and Maldives have commenced the 14^th edition of their annual bilateral military exercise Ekuverin in Thiruvananthapuram. The training, scheduled from 2^nd to 15^th December, underscores the long-standing defence partnership between the two nations and their shared commitment to regional security.

4. India is preparing to commission its third indigenously built nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine, INS Aridhaman, marking a major expansion of the nation's sea-based nuclear deterrent. The vessel has entered its final phase of trials, with the Navy confirming that induction will take place soon.

5. India has finalised a $946 million sustainment agreement with the United States to support its fleet of 24 MH-60R Seahawk naval helicopters. The package strengthens India's maritime preparedness, boosts naval aviation support systems, and deepens defence cooperation with Washington at a time of heightened strategic activity in the region.

6. Indian Coast Guard Ship (ICGS) Vigraha has begun a three-day operational visit to Jakarta, Indonesia, as part of its wider deployment to ASEAN nations. The visit highlights the increasing emphasis placed by both countries on cooperative maritime security, operational coordination and capacity building in the Indo-Pacific.

7. The Indian Army conducted its annual Idea and Innovation Competition and Seminar, Inno-Yoddha 2025, at the Manekshaw Centre in New Delhi in the presence of the Vice Chief of the Army Staff, Lieutenant General Pushpendra Pal Singh. The platform reflects the Army's commitment to nurturing in-house innovation that strengthens operational effectiveness, logistics and training.

8. The fifth edition of the joint military exercise Harimau Shakti 2025 commenced at the Mahajan Field Firing Range in Rajasthan. Conducted from 5^th to 18^th December 2025, the exercise strengthens operational cooperation between the Indian Army and the Royal Malaysian Army through structured joint training.

9. Defence minister Rajnath Singh inaugurated 125 new border infrastructure projects across multiple frontier states, marking a major push to boost strategic connectivity. The projects, built at a cost of Rs. 5,000 crore, aim to enhance troop mobility, support local development, and strengthen national security in remote and sensitive regions.

10. Assam marked Armed Forces Flag Day with a new initiative dedicated to recognising the contributions of senior military veterans and their families. The governor launched the 'Sainik Tujhe Salaam' programme, reflecting the state's commitment to strengthening welfare measures for those who have served the nation.

11. The Army Service Corps (ASC), the oldest logistics arm of the Indian Army, marked its 265^th Corps Day at the ASC Centre and College in Bengaluru. The observance highlighted the Corps' long-standing contribution to military operations and its continued evolution in modern logistical support.

12. Indian Navy Chief Admiral Dinesh K. Tripathi has commenced a four-day official visit to Brazil aimed at expanding the maritime partnership between the two countries. The engagement reinforces the growing India-Brazil Strategic Partnership, with maritime security forming a central pillar of cooperation.

13. India and Brunei convened the inaugural meeting of their Joint Working Group on Defence Cooperation in New Delhi, marking a structured new phase in bilateral defence engagement. The platform aims to strengthen military collaboration, enhance maritime security and expand opportunities for technology partnership.

14. India is set to retrace its ancient maritime heritage as INSV Kaundinya, a hand-stitched replica of a 5^th-century merchant ship, prepares for a historic voyage to Muscat later this month. The wooden vessel has sailed from the naval base at Karwar and is currently on an eight-day journey to Porbandar, Gujarat, from where it will embark on its international expedition across the Arabian Sea.

15. India and Brazil have strengthened their growing maritime and defence partnership with the signing of a tripartite Memorandum of Understanding on cooperation in the maintenance of Scorpene-class submarines. The agreement reflects a deepening alignment between the two navies and defence industries amid expanding strategic engagement across maritime domains.

16. Vijay Diwas, observed annually on 16^th December, commemorates India's decisive victory over Pakistan in the 1971 Indo-Pakistan War. The day marks the surrender of Pakistani forces in East Pakistan and the emergence of Bangladesh as an independent nation. It stands as one of the most significant milestones in India's military and diplomatic history.

17. At just 23, Sai Jadhav has entered the history books by becoming the first woman officer to graduate from the Indian Military Academy (IMA), Dehradun. Her commissioning ends a 93-year-old tradition that saw only men pass out from one of India's most prestigious military institutions. Her achievement signals a decisive shift in the evolution of the armed forces.

18. The Indian Navy has commissioned INAS 335 'Ospreys' at INS Hansa, Goa, formally inducting its second squadron of MH-60R multi-role helicopters. The commissioning marks a major enhancement of naval aviation capability on the western seaboard and strengthens India's operational readiness amid a complex and contested maritime security environment.

19. India and the United Arab Emirates have launched the second edition of their joint military exercise, Desert Cyclone II, marking another step in deepening bilateral defence and strategic cooperation. The exercise is being conducted in Abu Dhabi from 18^th to 30^th December and focuses on enhancing joint operational capabilities in complex urban warfare environments.

20. The successful completion of user evaluation trials of "Akash-NG" marks more than a routine milestone in India's missile development cycle. It signals that an indigenous, next-generation medium-range air defence system has crossed the crucial threshold from laboratory success to operational acceptance - at a time when India's airspace is increasingly contested by drones, cruise missiles and stand-off weapons.

21. India's indigenous artillery capabilities received a major boost on 29^th December as the Defence Research and Development Organisation successfully conducted the maiden flight test of the Pinaka Long Range Guided Rocket. The test, carried out from the Integrated Test Range at Chandipur in Odisha.

22. In a major advancement for ophthalmic care in the country, the Indian Army has successfully carried out India's first 3D Flex Aqueous Angiography with iStent. The pioneering glaucoma procedure was performed at the Army Hospital (Research & Referral), Delhi Cantt, marking a significant leap in the precision diagnosis and treatment of a leading cause of irreversible blindness.

Business, Economy & Banking

1. The Trade Enablement and Marketing (TEAM) Initiative, a sub-scheme under the Centre's RAMP programme, has been introduced to strengthen digital market access for India's micro and small enterprises. With an outlay of Rs. 277.35 crore for 2024-2027, the Central Sector Scheme aims to integrate MSMEs into the digital economy through government-backed digital infrastructure and targeted capacity-building.

2. Consumer grievances lodged under the Reserve Bank of India's ombudsman framework rose notably in FY25, reflecting growing dissatisfaction with services offered by banks and financial institutions. The central bank reported a significant increase in complaints, particularly against private sector lenders and small finance banks.

3. The Reserve Bank of India has released a comprehensive roadmap designed to strengthen financial inclusion from 2025 to 2030. The new strategy outlines an ecosystem-based approach to expand access, improve service quality and promote effective use of financial products among underserved communities.

4. The Reserve Bank of India has reaffirmed State Bank of India, HDFC Bank and ICICI Bank as the country's most systemically important lenders. Their designation as Domestic Systemically Important Banks reflects their critical role in maintaining financial stability and preventing large-scale economic disruption.

5. In its December 2025 policy review, the Reserve Bank of India unveiled major liquidity measures, including Rs. 1 trillion of open market operation (OMO) purchases and a three-year dollar-rupee buy/sell swap of $5 billion. The initiatives aim to stabilise market conditions, strengthen monetary transmission and ease pressures arising from the rupee's sharp depreciation.

6. The Reserve Bank of India's final guidelines on financial services activities of commercial banks have eased reorganisation requirements for major bank groups while tightening compliance obligations. Crisil Ratings noted that the streamlined framework reduces the operational disruption initially expected under draft rules issued in 2024.

7. The National Commodity and Derivatives Exchange (NCDEX) has received in-principle approval from the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) to launch a Mutual Fund (MF) transaction platform. The move marks a key milestone in the exchange's broader strategy to evolve into a diversified, multi-asset market infrastructure institution.

8. The Government of India has operationalised Sahakar Sarathi, a Shared Service Entity, to strengthen and modernise Rural Cooperative Banks across the country. The initiative aims to enable RCBs to deliver standardised, technology-driven banking services comparable to other regulated banking institutions.

9. Google Pay has launched a new co-branded digital credit card, FLEX, in partnership with Axis Bank, marking a significant step in the convergence of credit cards and UPI-based payments in India. Built on the RuPay network, the Google Pay Flex Axis Bank Credit Card allows users to make credit-powered UPI payments by scanning QR codes, expanding the scope of digital payments for everyday transactions.

10. In a recent speech, "Poonam Gupta", Deputy Governor of the "Reserve Bank of India", described the central bank as "not just an important source, but at times the only source for comprehensive data." The remark reflects a long-standing reality of India's financial system: the RBI has been the backbone of credible, comprehensive and publicly accessible banking data.

11. India is set to end 2025 on a strong diplomatic and economic note with the conclusion of negotiations for a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with New Zealand. Announced jointly by Prime Minister Narendra Modi and his New Zealand counterpart Christopher Luxon, the pact is expected to double bilateral trade within five years.

12. Cities dominate today's global imagination - as engines of economic growth, centres of innovation, and laboratories for new ideas in governance and technology. Yet, amid the focus on infrastructure, efficiency and scale, the most basic element of urban life is often overlooked: the people who live in cities, arrive in them, and remake them every day.

13. India has taken a major strategic step to secure its critical mineral supply chain by approving a Rs. 7,000 crore scheme to promote domestic manufacturing of sintered rare earth permanent magnets. The initiative aims to reduce import dependence, strengthen industrial self-reliance and support high-growth sectors vital to the country's long-term economic and strategic goals.

14. For the Indian economy, 2025 has been a year of contrasts. On one hand, the government pushed through politically difficult reforms on taxation, GST and labour, while accelerating trade integration with key partners. On the other, global headwinds - particularly a sharp turn in U.S. trade policy - disrupted exports and injected uncertainty into growth prospects.

15. India has emerged as the world's fourth-largest economy with a GDP of $4.18 trillion, overtaking Japan. Official projections now indicate that India is on track to surpass Germany within the next three years, reaching an estimated GDP of $7.3 trillion by 2030. This milestone reflects sustained economic momentum despite global trade and policy uncertainties.

16. India's direct tax framework is set for its most sweeping reform in over six decades with the replacement of the Income-tax Act, 1961, by the Income-tax Act, 2025. The new legislation will come into force from 1^st April 2026, and will apply to income earned in the financial year 2025-26 onwards. The move marks a decisive shift towards simplification, clarity, and technology-driven tax administration.

17. India has emerged as one of the world's most overworked nations, according to recent data released by the International Labour Organization (ILO). The findings show that Indian workers clock some of the longest average working hours globally, intensifying concerns over burnout, declining well-being, and blurred boundaries between professional and personal life. The data has added urgency to policy discussions on regulating work hours in a rapidly evolving economy.

Science & Technology

1. A remarkable archaeological discovery beneath Japan's Lake Biwa has unveiled one of the world's oldest and most intact pottery vessels, dating back more than 10,000 years. The find, recovered from the Tsuzuraozaki underwater ruins, is providing unprecedented insight into the early Jomon period and reshaping understanding of prehistoric Japan's ceramic craftsmanship.

2. India's aerospace sector is undergoing rapid transformation, driven by indigenous technologies, strong industry partnerships and coordinated government action. During a visit to CSIR-National Aerospace Laboratories in Bengaluru, the Union Minister of State for Science and Technology highlighted significant achievements that align with the national vision of building a self-reliant and globally competitive aviation ecosystem.

3. Indian populations of the bamboo shrimp (Atyopsis spinipes) have been rediscovered in Karnataka and Odisha, seventy-two years after the species was first documented. The breakthrough came from researchers at the Centre for Climate Change Studies, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, who undertook extensive surveys across coastal and riverine habitats to confirm the species' presence.

4. India has achieved a major milestone in indigenous defence technology with the Defence Research and Development Organisation successfully testing a high-speed rocket-sled escape system for fighter aircraft. The trial demonstrated significant progress in enhancing pilot safety during emergency ejection scenarios.

5. A vibrant new damselfly species has been identified in the Western Ghats, underscoring the region's remarkable yet understudied biodiversity. Named the Kodagu Shadowdamsel (Protosticta sooryaprakashi), the insect was discovered along shaded streamside habitats in Karnataka, where researchers combined field observations with DNA sequencing to confirm its distinct evolutionary lineage.

6. Researchers have unveiled a promising technique that revives ageing human cells by enhancing mitochondrial activity, offering a potential pathway to treat degenerative and age-related diseases. The breakthrough centres on improving the energy-producing ability of cells that naturally weaken over time.

7. India has outlined major steps to modernise its statistical system and sharpen its performance on international benchmarks. The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) confirmed that revisions to key national indices and coordinated action on global rankings are underway to ensure data accuracy and reflect structural changes in the economy.

8. Scientists have identified a new walrus haul-out site along the shores of Svalbard, a remote Arctic archipelago between mainland Norway and the North Pole. The discovery was made using high-resolution satellite imagery under the Walrus from Space project, a joint conservation initiative by the World Wide Fund for Nature and the British Antarctic Survey. The finding underscores how emerging technologies are helping track vulnerable Arctic wildlife.

9. The Department of Land Resources will convene a National Symposium on NAKSHA and LandStack on 3^rd December 2025, at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi. Organised as part of GeoSmart India 2025, the event aims to accelerate the use of geospatial technologies to modernise urban land records and strengthen citizen services nationwide.

10. Indian astronomers have identified a fully developed ancient galaxy named Alaknanda, a finding that challenges long-held theories about early cosmic evolution. Detected using the James Webb Space Telescope, the galaxy displays a mature spiral structure despite having formed when the universe was only 1.5 billion years old.

11. A research team from GITAM School of Science, Visakhapatnam, has documented the first confirmed instance of a horn-eyed ghost crab preying on a mottled lightfoot crab along the Rushikonda shoreline. The rare behavioural event, observed during an evening field visit in April, provides new insight into species interactions along India's east coast.

12. Megaloblatta longipennis, the world's largest known winged cockroach, continues to intrigue scientists due to its remarkable size, evolutionary history and adaptations to rainforest ecosystems. Found in the tropical forests of Peru, Ecuador and Panama, this genus has fascinated entomologists since the late 19^th century.

13. The Department of Telecommunications has directed major messaging platforms-including WhatsApp, Telegram, Signal and Snapchat-to implement mandatory SIM binding within 90 days. Effective February 2026, the rule requires apps to deactivate if the SIM card used during registration is removed, replaced or deactivated. Web versions of these platforms must also automatically log users out every six hours, necessitating fresh QR-based authentication.

14. Bibha Chowdhuri remains one of India's most overlooked scientific trailblazers. A pioneer in cosmic ray research, she made foundational contributions to particle physics at a time when few women entered the field. A new biography now restores her legacy to the forefront of India's scientific history.

15. India has secured re-election to the UNESCO Executive Board for the 2025-29 term, reaffirming its role in shaping global cooperation in education, culture, science, communication and information. The announcement, made by India's Permanent Delegation to UNESCO, highlights strong international confidence in India's commitment to multilateralism and its proactive engagement with UNESCO's mandate.

16. A research team in Kerala has identified a new species of semi-aquatic spider, Dolomedes indicus, marking the first confirmed record of a fishing spider from this genus in India. The discovery from the rainforests of Wayanad underscores the ecological richness of the Western Ghats and highlights the need for continued biodiversity research.

17. The Indian Institute of Astrophysics has celebrated a decade of successful operation of the UltraViolet Imaging Telescope, the flagship payload of AstroSat. A one-day workshop in Bengaluru highlighted UVIT's scientific legacy, technical achievements and its role in shaping India's future UV space missions.

18. India has begun a major push to build its own sovereign artificial intelligence ecosystem with the launch of BharatGen Technology Foundation at IIT Bombay. The initiative aims to develop a Large Language Model tailored to India's multilingual and multicultural environment, reflecting regional accents, scripts, and communication patterns.

19. Google has confirmed that its first AI smart glasses will debut in 2026, marking a major expansion of its Android XR ecosystem. Announced during The Android Show: XR Edition, the upcoming devices aim to blend hands-free assistance, real-time information access and stylish, all-day wearability.

20. India has unveiled a landmark proposal to mandate statutory payments by AI developers for the use of copyrighted works in model training. The move positions India as the first country to pursue a compulsory licensing regime for generative AI, aiming to balance technological progress with fair compensation for creators.

21. Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella has announced a $17.5 billion investment to strengthen India's Artificial Intelligence capabilities following a meeting with Prime Minister Narendra Modi in New Delhi. The commitment marks Microsoft's largest-ever investment in Asia and signals a major boost to India's ambition of becoming a global AI powerhouse.

22. Northern Ireland has reported a sharp rise in suspected bluetongue virus cases, marking the region's first recorded outbreak. Additional testing has identified 44 suspect infections within the same County Down herd where the initial cases were detected, prompting heightened biosecurity measures and widespread concern across the farming community.

23. India has achieved a major milestone in green mobility with the introduction of its first hydrogen-powered train, marking a significant advancement in sustainable rail technology. Developed entirely within the country, the train showcases Indian Railways growing capability in next-generation clean energy transport.

24. AvironiX Drones, a Chennai-based deep-tech firm specialising in precision agriculture and defence technologies, has launched the AviSpray-10c, a backpack-sized spraying drone built to transform the economics and practicality of drone-based crop spraying in India. The launch took place in Chennai in the presence of industry leaders, farmers, drone pilots and technology partners.

25. Meghalaya has added two newly identified jumping spider species to India's rich biodiversity record, reaffirming the State's ecological importance within the Indo-Burma mega hotspot. Scientists from the Zoological Survey of India have documented Asemonea dentis and Colyttus nongwar from forested landscapes in the region.

26. Microsoft Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Satya Nadella has underlined India's growing leadership in artificial intelligence, particularly in the rapid deployment of agentic AI applications. Speaking in Bengaluru during his AI Tour of India, he said the country is witnessing strong momentum across developers, enterprises, and institutions, positioning India as a major global hub for next-generation AI innovation.

27. NASA has lost contact with the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) spacecraft, which has been orbiting the Red Planet for over a decade. The space agency confirmed that the spacecraft abruptly stopped communicating with Earth after passing behind Mars, raising concerns about the status of one of its most important Martian science missions.

28. Google has announced an ambitious long-term research initiative, Project Suncatcher, aimed at deploying solar-powered data centres in space. Revealed by Google CEO Sundar Pichai, the project is expected to begin experimental launches by 2027. The initiative reflects growing interest among global technology firms in moving data-intensive infrastructure beyond Earth as demand for artificial intelligence computing accelerates.

29. Scientists have identified a new species of tiny pumpkin toadlet in the cloud forests of southern Brazil, highlighting the rich but fragile biodiversity of the Atlantic Forest biome. The discovery was made in the Serra do Quiriri mountain range and adds a new member to the genus "Brachycephalus", a group known for its miniature frogs and high levels of endemism.

30. Interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS has entered a highly active phase as it travels through the inner solar system, drawing scientific attention with its rapid brightening and unusual green glow. Recent observations show that the comet, originating beyond our solar system, is undergoing chemical and physical changes as it responds to solar heating, offering rare insights into material formed around distant stars.

31. India has launched its first Artificial Intelligence driven community screening programme for Diabetic Retinopathy, marking a major advance in early detection of diabetic eye disease and public health surveillance. The initiative was formally launched in New Delhi on 16^th December 2025.

32. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) has highlighted significant progress in annatto research and technology development through its constituent laboratory, the CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CSIR-CFTRI), Mysuru.

33. India has reached a major milestone in semiconductor self-reliance with the development of DHRUV64, the country's first indigenous 1.0 GHz, 64-bit dual-core microprocessor. Developed by the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) under the Microprocessor Development Programme, the processor marks a critical step in reducing dependence on foreign chipmakers for strategic and commercial technologies.

34. In a major boost to advanced research and high-performance computing in eastern India, the first Param Rudra supercomputer in Bihar has been inaugurated at the Indian Institute of Technology Patna. The facility marks a significant milestone under India's National Supercomputing Mission and is expected to strengthen the region's scientific and technological capabilities.

35. Researchers at the Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Mohali, have identified a novel nanoparticle-based therapeutic pathway that could significantly advance the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. The Ministry of Science and Technology said the approach addresses multiple disease mechanisms simultaneously, overcoming limitations of conventional therapies that typically target only a single pathological feature.

36. Researchers at Banaras Hindu University have achieved a major scientific breakthrough by developing the world's first systematic molecular classification of oral cancer. The landmark study, published on 25^th December in the reputed journal "Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research", is expected to transform oral cancer diagnosis and treatment, particularly in India and Southeast Asia where disease burden is high.

37. Scientists are revisiting one of biology's oldest - and once most dangerous - ideas to tackle obesity: forcing cells to burn more energy than they efficiently use. Researchers from the University of Technology Sydney have developed experimental drugs that make mitochondria work harder and waste energy as heat, potentially opening a new frontier in obesity and metabolic disease treatment.

38. In a major boost to India's medical technology ecosystem, Bengaluru-based start-up VoxelGrids has developed the country's first fully indigenous MRI scanner. The milestone marks a significant step towards reducing India's heavy dependence on imported diagnostic equipment and strengthening the "Made in India" push in high-end healthcare technology.

39. India's nuclear sector is undergoing its most consequential reform since the Atomic Energy Act of 1962. The Sustainable Harnessing and Advancement of Nuclear Energy for Transforming India (SHANTI) Act dismantles six decades of state monopoly, invites private participation, and seeks to align India's nuclear framework with global norms.

Government Schemes

1. The Union government is set to introduce two major tax bills that will reshape the fiscal framework for tobacco and pan masala. As the temporary GST compensation cess nears its end, the new legislation aims to maintain high tax incidence on demerit goods while creating a permanent revenue stream.

2. India has expanded HIV awareness across rural regions through government campaigns and community health programmes, yet stigma still restricts testing, early diagnosis and access to treatment. Despite progress in communication and outreach, fear of social judgment continues to shape health-seeking behaviour.

3. Prime Minister Narendra Modi has announced that India has doubled its annual honey production to more than 1.5 lakh metric tonnes, with exports also tripling in recent years. Speaking during the 128^th episode of 'Mann Ki Baat', he credited community-led initiatives, modern processing facilities and traditional beekeeping practices for strengthening the country's apiculture sector.

4. The Pradhan Mantri Virasat Ka Samvardhan (PM VIKAS) scheme, a Central Sector initiative, focuses on the socio-economic upliftment of six notified minority communities. Implemented with an emphasis on skill development, women's entrepreneurship and educational rehabilitation for school dropouts, the scheme seeks to align traditional knowledge systems with modern livelihood opportunities.

5. The National e-Vidhan Application (NeVA), a Mission Mode Project under the Digital India programme, is accelerating the shift toward paperless lawmaking across India. As of now, 28 State and Union Territory Legislatures have signed MoUs for its adoption, and 20 have already become fully digital Houses, marking a major milestone in legislative modernisation.

6. India's public health surveillance has taken a major leap with the National Centre for Disease Control introducing a citizen-driven reporting mechanism for early detection of disease outbreaks. The new system enables people to flag unusual health events directly from their phones, giving authorities a crucial early warning window before infections spread widely.

7. The Centre has eased public concerns surrounding its directive requiring smartphone manufacturers to pre-install the Sanchar Saathi application, clarifying that users retain full freedom to uninstall the app. The clarification follows intense debate over privacy, cybersecurity and regulatory overreach.

8. The government has implemented an AI-enabled pilot to improve local monsoon onset forecasting for farmers ahead of the Kharif 2025 season. The initiative, conducted with the Development Innovation Lab-India, demonstrates how advanced modelling can support agricultural planning at scale.

9. The Government of India is implementing the Tea Development & Promotion Scheme (TDPS) nationwide, with Assam receiving focused support to strengthen production, quality and the value chain of small tea growers. The Tea Board is leading the initiative, which aims to modernise plantations, expand exports and improve the capabilities of grassroots producer groups.

10. The government has introduced a new Credit Assessment Model (CAM) to streamline loan appraisal for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises. The digital-first framework marks a major step towards objective, technology-driven credit evaluation for both existing and new borrowers.

11. New government data presented in Parliament has highlighted persistent malnutrition challenges among Indian children aged below five, even as recent figures indicate gradual improvement. The information, drawn from the Poshan Tracker system, reflects nationwide measurements of young children enrolled in Anganwadi centres.

12. The Government of India has accelerated reforms in the forensic sector through the National Forensic Infrastructure Enhancement Scheme approved in 2024. The initiative strengthens scientific capabilities and supports criminal justice delivery by expanding infrastructure, enhancing manpower and improving recruitment mechanisms.

13. The Telangana government has announced a plan to rename a prominent road in Hyderabad after US President Donald Trump. The decision marks an unusual diplomatic gesture and aligns with the state's broader initiative to rebrand key roads after global leaders and corporations.

14. Tamil Nadu has introduced its Toy Manufacturing Policy 2025 to attract new investments and promote domestic diversification into this emerging sector. Released at the Tamil Nadu Investors Conclave in Madurai, the policy positions the State as a high-potential hub for advanced and electromechanical toy production.

15. The Assam government has introduced a major curriculum reform by approving history and geography as compulsory subjects for students in classes 6, 7 and 8. The decision, adopted by the state cabinet led by Chief Minister Himanta Biswa Sarma, aims to strengthen students' understanding of Assam's cultural, historical and geographical identity.

16. Prime Minister Narendra Modi has called on citizens to actively recover long-forgotten funds through the national initiative titled 'Your Money, Your Right'. The campaign underscores the government's commitment to financial transparency and aims to return idle assets to their rightful owners.

17. A new proposal in Karnataka aims to extend menstrual leave benefits to school, college and university students, marking a major shift in the state's policy on menstrual health. The draft Karnataka Working Women Wellbeing Bill, 2025 introduces attendance relaxation, penalty provisions and broader protections for menstruating persons in academic and professional settings.

18. The government has inaugurated the State-Level Watershed Mahotsav 2025 alongside Mission Watershed Punarutthan at Naga Solidarity Park in Kohima. The initiative aims to rejuvenate traditional water bodies, restore degraded land and enhance water-harvesting systems through community-driven action and convergence with flagship schemes.

19. Karnataka has introduced a comprehensive legislative proposal to curb rising incidents of hate speech and hate crimes, presenting the Karnataka Hate Speech and Hate Crimes (Prevention) Bill, 2025 in the state assembly. The Bill outlines broad definitions, strict penalties, and new regulatory powers, while raising public concerns about whether private conversations fall within its scope.

20. The Bihar government has announced a new initiative aimed at accelerating the settlement of land disputes and improving transparency in land administration. The programme, titled 'Bhumi Sudhar Samvad', will begin on 12^th December and offer citizens a platform to resolve documentation and ownership issues promptly.

21. The Union Cabinet chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi has approved the proposal to conduct the Census of India 2027 at an estimated cost of Rs. 11,718.24 crore. The exercise will be the largest administrative and statistical operation undertaken in the country and is aimed at generating updated, high-quality demographic and socio-economic data to support evidence-based policymaking at all levels of governance.

22. The University of Patanjali has been officially designated as the country's first Yoga and Ayurveda-based Cluster Centre under the Gyan Bharatam Mission of the Ministry of Culture. The recognition marks a significant step in India's efforts to preserve, document, and promote its ancient knowledge systems through institutional collaboration and academic leadership.

23. Parliament has cleared the Viksit Bharat - Guarantee for Rozgar and Ajeevika Mission (Gramin) Bill, 2025, with the Rajya Sabha passing the legislation hours after its approval in the Lok Sabha. The Bill was enacted amid intense opposition protests, marking a significant shift in India's rural employment framework by replacing the existing MGNREGA structure with a revamped model.

24. The Union government has tabled the Viksit Bharat Shiksha Adhishthan Bill, 2025 in the Lok Sabha, proposing a fundamental restructuring of India's higher education regulatory framework. The Bill seeks to subsume existing bodies such as the University Grants Commission (UGC), All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) and National Council for Teacher Education (NCTE) into a single overarching authority.

25. The Punjab government has formally declared the walled city of Amritsar, Sri Anandpur Sahib in Rupnagar district, and Talwandi Sabo (Sri Damdama Sahib) in Bathinda district as Holy Cities. The move aims to preserve their religious sanctity and cultural character through legally enforceable restrictions. The decision was notified by the Department of Home Affairs after receiving approval from the Governor of Punjab.

26. The Union Government plans to complete the nationwide rollout of the multi-lane free flow (MLFF) tolling system along with artificial intelligence-based highway management by the end of 2026. The initiative aims to eliminate waiting time at toll plazas and significantly enhance travel efficiency on national highways.

27. Jharkhand has taken a major step towards regulating and protecting platform-based gig workers with the approval of the Jharkhand Platform Based Gig Workers (Registration and Welfare) Bill, 2025. Governor Santosh Gangwar has given assent to the Bill, paving the way for it to become an Act once notified in the official gazette. The legislation aims to bring gig workers under a formal welfare framework for the first time in the state.

28. The proposed higher education Bill, which seeks to establish the Viksit Bharat Shiksha Adhishtan as a single, overarching regulator, marks one of the most consequential institutional reforms in India's education governance in decades. Its stated objective is clear: simplify regulation, reduce overlap among multiple bodies, and bring coherence to a system widely criticised as fragmented, opaque and compliance-heavy.

29. In a major step to strengthen India's internal security framework, the Centre has launched the country's first-ever national weapons database aimed at curbing terrorism, organised crime, and extremism. The initiative seeks to improve tracing, monitoring, and recovery of government-owned firearms that fall into illegal circulation, enhancing coordination among law enforcement agencies across the country.

30. The Delhi government on Thursday inaugurated Atal Canteens across the national capital to provide nutritious meals at a nominal cost of Rs. 5. The initiative was launched to mark the 101^st birth anniversary of former Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee and aims to support workers, the urban poor, and other vulnerable groups with affordable food security.

31. The Central Consumer Protection Authority has imposed a penalty of Rs. 11 lakh on Vision IAS Institute for publishing misleading advertisements related to the results of the UPSC Civil Services Examinations 2022 and 2023. The action was taken under provisions of the Consumer Protection Act, 2019, following an investigation into claims made on the institute's official website.

32. The Delhi government's decision to roll out a revamped electric vehicle (EV) policy next year reflects both progress in clean mobility and the limits of relying on EV adoption as a standalone solution to air pollution. Five years after Delhi notified its first EV policy, the city has learned a hard lesson: cleaner vehicles do not automatically mean cleaner air unless they replace the dirtiest ones and are backed by strict enforcement and regional coordination.

33. The Andhra Pradesh government's plan to expand medical education through public-private partnerships (PPP) has triggered intense debate over the true objectives of public policy, the future of subsidised medical education, and the risks of privatising critical public health assets.

Awards & Honours

1. Tessy Thomas, widely known as India's 'Missile Woman', has been recognised with the Dr. Paulos Mar Gregorios Award 2025 for her pioneering contributions to defence science. Her journey from a curious child in Alappuzha to leading India's premier missile programmes reflects decades of innovation and national advancement.

2. Apple has initiated a major leadership overhaul in its Artificial Intelligence division, selecting Indian-origin researcher Amar Subramanya as the new vice president of AI. The move marks a strategic shift as the company attempts to accelerate its progress in a competitive global AI race.

3. Nagpur University has made history by appointing Manali Makarand Kshirsagar as its first woman vice-chancellor since the institution was established in 1923. Her selection marks a transformative moment for the century-old university, signalling strengthened inclusion and renewed focus on academic reform.

4. Arun Kumar Singh has been granted a rare one-year extension as chairman of Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), signalling the government's intent to retain continuity in leadership as the company witnesses a turnaround in crude oil and gas production. The extension ensures Singh will remain in office until 6^th December 2026.

5. Anant Ambani, founder of the wildlife conservation initiative Vantara, has been honoured with the Global Humanitarian Award for Animal Welfare by the Global Humane Society. The recognition highlights his leadership in advancing modern conservation practices and his commitment to welfare-driven programmes that protect vulnerable species.

6. Neal Mohan, the Indian-origin chief executive of YouTube, has been honoured as TIME Magazine's CEO of the Year for 2025. The publication credits him with steering the platform through a period of cultural and technological transformation, shaping what billions of people watch and engage with every day.

7. The Government of India is strengthening efforts to preserve the country's cinematic legacy through the National Film Heritage Mission (NFHM). The initiative focuses on safeguarding old and endangered films by digitising and restoring them using modern technology. The programme reflects India's commitment to conserving audiovisual heritage while ensuring wider public access to historically significant films across languages and regions.

8. Kavita Chand from Almora district in Uttarakhand has created a landmark moment in Indian mountaineering by successfully summiting Mount Vinson, the highest peak in Antarctica. She reached the summit on 12^th December at 8:30 pm local time, standing atop the 4,892-metre peak and advancing significantly towards the coveted Seven Summits challenge.

9. Senior journalist Sangeeta Barooah Pisharoty has been elected as the first woman president of the Press Club of India, marking a historic moment for one of the country's most prominent media institutions. The election outcome signals a significant shift in leadership representation within the journalist fraternity based in the national capital.

10. Innoviti Technologies has been recognised by ASK Private Wealth and Hurun India with the India Unicorn & Future Unicorn Award 2025, marking its inclusion as a "Cheetah" in the India Cheetah-Gazelle-Unicorn Index. The recognition highlights Innoviti's leadership and sustained performance in SaaS-based payment solutions within India's rapidly evolving retail and digital payments ecosystem.

11. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University (RPCAU), Pusa, has received national recognition for its sustained contribution to promoting patriotism and nation-building through co-curricular activities. The award highlights the growing role of higher education institutions in shaping socially responsible citizens alongside academic excellence.

12. Goa has secured national recognition for its efforts in promoting energy efficiency and sustainable practices, winning the second prize in Category 4 of the National Energy Conservation Awards 2025. The award highlights the state's consistent initiatives in advancing energy conservation across sectors and strengthening institutional mechanisms for efficient energy use.

13. Indian cinema has marked a significant moment on the global stage as Neeraj Ghaywan's film "Homebound" advances in the race for the Oscars 2026. The film, starring Ishaan Khatter and Vishal Jethwa, has been shortlisted in the International Feature Film category for the 98^th Academy Awards.

14. The National Council of Science Museums (NCSM), under the Ministry of Culture, has been honoured with two prestigious PRSI National Awards 2025 by the Public Relations Society of India. The recognition highlights NCSM's effective public outreach and innovative communication initiatives that blend culture, sustainability and digital engagement at a national scale.

15. The Academy Awards are set for a historic shift in broadcast history, with YouTube securing exclusive global streaming rights to the Oscars from 2029. The move ends ABC's nearly 50-year association with Hollywood's most prestigious awards ceremony and signals the growing dominance of digital platforms in premium live entertainment. The agreement will run until 2033 and promises free worldwide access to the Oscars.

16. On Christmas Day this year marks the 101^st birth anniversary of "Atal Bihari Vajpayee". In popular political memory, Vajpayee is recalled primarily as a prime minister - a consensus-builder who reached out to Pakistan, ordered the Pokhran nuclear tests, and steered India through the compulsions of coalition politics.

17. Renowned sand artist Sudarsan Pattnaik created a new world record in Odisha this Christmas by unveiling a giant Santa Claus sculpture made from sand and apples. The festive installation, displayed at Niladri Beach in Puri, drew large crowds and global attention for its scale, creativity, and message of peace during the holiday season.

18. The Bombay High Court has reiterated that India's highest civilian honours, including the Bharat Ratna and Padma Awards, are not titles and cannot be used as prefixes or suffixes to an individual's name. The court underlined that while such honours signify national recognition, they do not alter a person's legal identity and must not be reflected as honorific titles in judicial or official records.

Sports

1. India B (Manipur) secured a decisive 8-5 victory over Colombia to lift the 15^th Manipur Polo International Tournament trophy, concluding a vibrant week of sporting excitement at the historic Imphal Polo Ground. The championship formed a key attraction of the Sangai Festival 2025, drawing strong domestic and international interest.

2. Inika Mazumder has secured a landmark victory by becoming the National Champion in Kyokushin Full Contact Karate, distinguishing herself with gold medals in both Kihon and Kumite. Her performance at the National Kyokushin Full Contact Championship marks her as one of the most promising young martial artists in the country.

3. India completed a historic ISSF World Cup Final campaign in Doha with six medals, marking the nation's finest finish at the annual season-ending shooting event. Strong performances across pistol, rifle, and shotgun disciplines propelled India to second place on the medals table, behind China.

4. Grandmaster R. Praggnanandhaa has secured a landmark achievement by qualifying for the Candidates 2026 after winning the FIDE Circuit 2025. His breakthrough cements his position as India's sole male representative at the world championship qualification stage, marking a historic moment for Indian chess.

5. Indian Grandmaster Arjun Erigaisi delivered a standout performance at the Freestyle Chess Grand Slam Finals in South Africa, defeating Magnus Carlsen during the round-robin stage. The result secured him third place on the leaderboard and a quarterfinal matchup against German prodigy Vincent Keymer.

6. India scripted a historic moment in squash by defeating defending champions Egypt 3-0 to secure a place in the Squash World Cup final. Playing in front of a packed crowd in Chennai, the hosts delivered a composed and resilient performance against a strong Egyptian side, reinforcing India's growing stature in the global squash arena.

7. India enjoyed a successful outing at the Odisha Masters in Cuttack as Unnati Hooda and Kiran George claimed the women's and men's singles titles respectively. The BWF Super 100 tournament witnessed strong Indian performances alongside notable wins by foreign pairs in the doubles categories, underscoring the event's competitive depth.

8. Australian Paralympic long jumper Nicholas Hum has died at the age of 32, sending shockwaves through the global athletics community. A Paralympic bronze medallist and long-standing representative of Australia, Hum passed away on 15^th December, just over a year after retiring from elite competition. His death has prompted an outpouring of grief from athletes, officials, and fans worldwide.

9. The seventh season of the Tennis Premier League concluded with GS Delhi Aces lifting their first-ever title after a commanding performance in the grand finale. The summit clash was held at the Gujarat University Tennis Stadium, where the Delhi-based franchise outplayed Yash Mumbai Eagles in a high-intensity contest.

10. India's top pistol shooters delivered standout performances at the 68^th National Shooting Championship Competitions, with Olympic medallist Manu Bhaker and ISSF World Cup Final 2025 gold winner Simranpreet Kaur Brar clinching gold medals in their respective categories. The events were held at the Dr. Karni Singh Shooting Range in New Delhi.

11. Indian batting icon Virat Kohli once again etched his name into cricket history with a record-breaking performance in domestic one-day cricket. Playing for Delhi in the Vijay Hazare Trophy, Kohli's fluent knock not only powered his team but also helped him surpass a long-standing world record, reaffirming his stature as one of the greatest batters of the modern era.

12. President of India Droupadi Murmu on 26^th December conferred the Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puraskar on 14-year-old cricketing prodigy Vaibhav Suryavanshi for his exceptional achievements in domestic and Under-19 cricket. The awards ceremony was held in the national capital, recognising children for outstanding accomplishments across multiple fields.

13. England fast bowler Josh Tongue scripted history on 26^th December by becoming the first England bowler this century to take a five-wicket haul in a men's Test match at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. His spell of 5 for 45 dismantled Australia's batting lineup as the hosts were bowled out for just 152 in their first innings of the Boxing Day Test.

14. The Board of Control for Cricket in India has announced India's Under-19 squads for the upcoming South Africa tour and the ICC Men's Under-19 World Cup 2026, naming Ayush Mhatre and Vaibhav Sooryavanshi as captains for two major assignments. The selection reflects a dual-leadership strategy aimed at balancing recovery timelines with competitive preparation ahead of a packed international calendar.

15. Two-time Olympic medallist "P. V. Sindhu" has been elected Chair of the Badminton World Federation Athletes' Commission for the 2026-2029 term, marking a significant step in athlete representation within global badminton governance. The appointment was confirmed by Olympics.com and positions Sindhu as a key voice for players worldwide.

16. Surya Charishma Tamiri claimed the Women's Singles crown at the 87^th Senior National Badminton Championships in Vijayawada, producing a resilient comeback in the final. The championships witnessed strong performances across all categories, underlining the depth of domestic badminton talent in India.

17. Bhutan's young left-arm spinner Sonam Yeshey created history in international cricket by becoming the first bowler to take an eight-wicket haul in men's T20 Internationals. The landmark performance came during the third T20I against Myanmar in Gelephu, marking one of the most extraordinary bowling spells ever witnessed in the shortest format.

18. Rohit Rajpal has been reappointed as captain of the Indian Davis Cup team until 31^st December, 2026, ensuring continuity in leadership as India prepares for a crucial home Qualifier against the Netherlands in early 2026. The All India Tennis Association (AITA) has also retained Ashutosh Singh as the team's coach.

19. India all-rounder "Deepti Sharma" scripted a landmark moment in women's cricket by becoming the highest wicket-taker in Women's T20 Internationals. The record was achieved during the fifth T20I against Sri Lanka in Thiruvananthapuram, underlining India's growing dominance in the shortest format.

References:
jagranjosh.com
gktoday.in
business-standard.com