Mapper and Reducer implementations can use the . . . . . . . . to report progress or just indicate that they are alive.

What is the primary function of the MapReduce programming model in Hadoop?

A. Real-time data processing

B. Batch processing of large datasets

C. Querying structured data

D. High-speed data ingestion

In the MapReduce model, what does the Map phase handle?

A. Data ingestion

B. Data processing

C. Data storage

D. Task scheduling

What does the Shuffle phase in MapReduce involve?

A. Data compression

B. Data distribution to reducers

C. Data sorting and grouping

D. Data storage in HBase

What is the role of the Combiner in the MapReduce model?

A. Data compression

B. Combine intermediate key-value pairs on the mapper side

C. Aggregate values on the reducer side

D. Data sorting and grouping