Match the phenomenon with typically observed features

P. Fatigue fracture	1. Earing
Q. Yield point phenomenon	2. Dimple structure
R. Ductile fracture	3. Beach marks
S. Deep drawing of a sheet	4. Luder's band

In a tensile test of ductile material, necking starts at

A metallic sheet 1 m wide and 10 mm thick is to be rolled under a front tension force of 100 KN. A specimen from the sheet, tested under tension, shows a yield stress of 100 MPa. Assume plain strain condition during rolling and ignore the friction. If yielding is assumed to start at a roll pressure of σ3 MPa, then the stress in the width direction (where strain is zero) is

Match the forming methods in Group 1 with the defects in Group 2.

Group 1	Group 2
P. Extrusion	1. Flash cracking
Q. Closed die forging	2. Fir-tree cracking
R. Rolling	3. Alligatoring
	4. Earing

The maximum axial compression stress during cold upsetting of a cylindrical rod of radius, 'r', occurs at