Which of the following would result in somaclonal variation in micropropagated plants?
P. Propagation by axillary branching in the absence of plant growth regulators.
Q. Cell suspension maintained for five years before induction of somatic embryogenesis.
R. Callus induction using 20 μM 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid followed by shoot organogenesis.
S. Shoot organogenesis from an explant in the absence of an intermediate callus phase.

Gynogenesis is a process of development of haploid plants

A. From a fertilized cell of female gametophyte

B. From an unfertilized cell of female gametophyte

C. From isolated pollen grains

D. By selective elimination of chromosomes following distant hybridization

Parthenogenetic embryos in plants are those which are formed by

A. Unfertilized eggs

B. Fertilized eggs

C. Sporophytic cells

D. Male gametophyte

Large scale clonal propagation practically means raising a population of plantlets from

A. A single cell

B. A single explant

C. Many explants from a single plant

D. Many explants from a group of plants

Determine the correctness or otherwise of the following Assertion (A) and Reason (R).
Assertion: In direct somatic embryogenesis, embryos are developed without going through callus formation.
Reason: This is possible due to the presence of pre embryonically determined cells.

A. Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct reason for (A)

B. (A) is false but (R) is true

C. (A) is true but (R) is false

D. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct reason for (A)