Abetment under Section 107 of Indian Penal Code can be constituted by:

Solution (By Examveda Team)

Abetment under Section 107 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) refers to the act of encouraging, persuading, or otherwise inciting another person to commit a crime. It's important to understand that the person who abets doesn't necessarily have to directly participate in the crime itself; their involvement lies in facilitating its commission.

The correct answer is D: All of these.

Option A: Instigation: This is a primary way abetment can occur. Instigation involves actively provoking or urging someone to commit a crime. It could be through direct words or actions meant to incite the other person. For example, telling someone, "Go ahead and steal that car," would constitute instigation.

Option B: Conspiracy: Conspiracy, in the context of abetment, involves a secret agreement or plan between two or more individuals to commit an illegal act. Each conspirator abets the others by participating in the planning and execution, even if their specific role in the crime is different. The common intention and agreement are crucial elements.

Option C: Intentional aid: Providing intentional aid or assistance to someone who commits a crime, even without direct instigation or conspiracy, qualifies as abetment. This could take various forms, such as providing tools, resources, or information knowing that they will be used to facilitate the crime.

Therefore, all three options—instigation, conspiracy, and intentional aid—are valid ways in which abetment under Section 107 of the IPC can be constituted. The section is broad in its scope, encompassing various ways a person can be involved in the commission of a crime without actually performing the act themselves.