Financial Management MCQ Questions and Solutions with Explanations | Commerce

An estimation by marginal investor, a higher expected return is earned on more risky securities. The marginal investor in a firm is the investor who is most likely to be trading at the margin and therefore has the most influence on the pricing of its equity.

Term structure premium, an inflation of bond and bond default premium are included in risk factors. Term Premium is the amount by which the yield-to-maturity of a long-term bond exceeds that of a short-term bond. Because one collects coupons on a long-term bond for a longer period of time, its yield-to-maturity will be more. The amount of a term premium depends on the interest rates of the individual bonds. Inflation-linked bonds, or ILBs, are securities designed to help protect investors from inflation. A default premium is the additional amount a borrower must pay to compensate a lender for assuming default risk. All companies or borrowers indirectly pay a default premium, through the rate at which they must repay the obligation.

Mostly in financial, risk of portfolio is smaller than that of assets is weighted average. One of the most basic principles of finance is that diversification leads to a reduction in risk unless there is a perfect correlation between the returns on the portfolio investments. Owing to the diversification benefits, standard deviation of a portfolio of investments (stocks, projects, etc.) should be lower than the weighted average of the standard deviations of the individual investments.

If risk can be eliminated with help of diversification, then relevant risk is smaller than stand-alone risk. Standalone risk measures the dangers associated with a single facet of a company's operations or by holding a specific asset, such as a closely-held corporations. In portfolio management, standalone risk measures the undiversified risk of an individual asset. Relevant risk is the fluctuation of returns caused by the macroeconomic factors that affect all risky assets.

Market risk premium = Market required return - Treasury yielded by bond
= 13% - 7% = 6%

Chance of occurrence of any event is classified as probability. The probability of an event is a number describing the chance that the event will happen.

According to market risk premium, an amount of risk premium depends upon investor risk aversion. The term risk-averse refers to investors who, when faced with two investments with a similar expected return, prefer the lower-risk option.

When changes in patents and industry competition occur, required rate of return does not change. The required rate of return is the minimum return an investor expects to achieve by investing in a project. An investor typically sets the required rate of return by adding a risk premium to the interest percentage that could be gained by investing excess funds in a risk-free investment.

In an individual stock, relevant risk is classified as beta coefficient. A beta coefficient is a measure of the volatility, or systematic risk, of an individual stock in comparison to the unsystematic risk of the entire market.

Type of premium asked by investors for bearing risk on average stock is classified as market risk premium. The market risk premium is the difference between the expected return on a market portfolio and the risk-free rate. The market risk premium is equal to the slope of the security market line (SML), a graphical representation of the capital asset pricing model (CAPM).