Match List-I with List-II and give the correct answer:

List I	List II
a. Mehboob Shah v. Emperor	1. Mens rea
b. State of Maharashtra v. M. H. George	2. Intoxication
c. Director of Public Prosecutions v. Beard	3. Common Intention
d. R. V. Dudley v. Stephens	4. Necessity

Solution (By Examveda Team)

Before explaining the correct answer, let's define some key legal terms:

Mens rea: This Latin term translates to "guilty mind." It refers to the mental element required to constitute a crime. A crime generally requires both a guilty act (actus reus) and a guilty mind (mens rea).

Intoxication: This refers to a state of being affected by alcohol or drugs, which can impact a person's mental state and ability to form the necessary mens rea for a crime. The legal implications of intoxication vary depending on the jurisdiction and the specific circumstances.

Common Intention: This refers to a situation where multiple individuals share a common plan or purpose to commit a crime. Each individual can be held liable for the actions of others in furtherance of that common intention, even if they didn't directly participate in every act.

Necessity: This is a defense in criminal law. It argues that a person committed a crime because they were compelled to do so by circumstances to avoid a greater harm. It's a narrow defense, with strict requirements for application.

Now, let's match the cases with the correct legal concepts:

a. Mehboob Shah v. Emperor: This case is associated with 3. Common Intention. The case dealt with the principles of common intention under the Indian Penal Code.

b. State of Maharashtra v. M. H. George: This case is linked to 2. Intoxication. It concerns the effect of intoxication on criminal liability.

c. Director of Public Prosecutions v. Beard: This case is related to 1. Mens rea. The case discusses the concept of diminished responsibility (affecting the mens rea) in relation to criminal liability.

d. R. v. Dudley and Stephens: This case is well-known for its exploration of the defense of 4. Necessity. The case involved a situation where individuals were faced with a choice between survival and taking the life of another.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option C: a-3, b-1, c-2, d-4. The other options incorrectly pair the cases with the legal concepts.