Fouling factor for a heat exchanger is given by (where, U₁ = heat transfer co-efficient of dirty surface U₂ = heat transfer co-efficient of clean surface)

200 kg of solids (on dry basis) is subjected to a drying process for a period of 5000 seconds. The drying occurs in the constant rate period with the drying rate as, N_c = 0.5 × 10^-3 kg/m².s. The initial moisture content of the solid is 0.2 kg moisture/kg dry solid. The interfacial area available for drying is 4 m²/1000 kg of dry solid. The moisture content at the end of the drying period is (in kg moisture/kg dry solid)

It is desired to concentrate a 20% salt solution (20 kg of salt in 100 kg of solution) to a 30% salt solution in an evaporator. Consider a feed of 300 kg/min at 30°C. The boiling point of the solution is 110°C, the latent heat of vaporisation is 2100 kJ/kg and the specific heat of the solution is 4 kJ/(kgK). The rate at which the heat has to be supplied in (kJ/min) to the evaporator is

Fqra cold viscous feed, backward feed gives __________ than forward feed.

In a multipass shell and tube heat exchanger, tube side return pressure loss is equal to __________ the velocity head.