which among the following included as valid mean of knowledge?

Solution (By Examveda Team)

In Classical Indian Philosophy, especially when discussing valid means of knowledge (pramanas), we're talking about how we can reliably gain true information about the world.

Inference (Anumana): This is a key pramana. It means arriving at new knowledge based on previously known truths or observations. Think of it like this: you see smoke and *infer* there is fire, even if you don't see the fire directly. This is a valid way to gain knowledge according to many schools of Indian philosophy.

Perception (Pratyaksha): While not explicitly mentioned in the options as the correct answer , but this is also a very important pramana - in Indian Epistemology means gaining knowledge through your senses like seeing, hearing, touching and etc.

Existence: Existence itself isn't a way *to know* something. It's what *is* known. It's the thing we're trying to understand through our means of knowledge.

Concept: A concept is an idea or thought. While important for understanding, concepts themselves aren't considered a direct *source* of valid knowledge in the same way that inference or perception is. Concepts are built upon knowledge gained through valid means.