A heat pump working on the Carnot cycle maintains the inside temperature of a house at 22°C by supplying 450 kJ/s. If the outside temperature is 0°C, the heat taken, in kJ/s, from the outside air is approximately

A system has two energy levels with energies E and 2E. The lower level is four-fold degenerate while the upper level is doubly degenerate. If there are N non-interacting classical particles in the system, which is in thermodynamic equilibrium at temperature T, the fraction of particles in the upper level is

A system of non-interacting Fermi particles with Fermi energy E_F has the density of states proportional to √E, where E is the energy of a particle. The average energy per particle at temperature T = 0 is

A piston containing an ideal gas is originally in the state X (see figure). The gas is taken through a thermal cycle X → Y → X as shown

The work done by the gas is positive, if the direction of the thermal cycle is

A photon gas is at thermal equilibrium at temperature T. The mean number of photons in an energy state $$\varepsilon = h\omega $$  is