Answer & Solution
Answer: Option
B
Solution:
Naiyayikas, proponents of the Nyaya school of classical Indian philosophy, believe in twenty-four qualities (gunas) that are fundamental to their philosophical system. These qualities help in understanding and analyzing various aspects of reality and epistemology within the Nyaya framework.
1. Pramaṇa (Instrument of Knowledge): The means or instruments of valid knowledge.
2. Prameya (Object of Knowledge): The object or content of knowledge.
3. Saṁśaya (Doubt): The state of uncertainty or doubt.
4. Pramāṇa-saṁśaya (Confusion of Instruments of Knowledge): Doubt concerning the reliability of the means of knowledge.
5. Prayojana (Object of Pursuit): The purpose or goal.
6. Dṛṣṭānta (Example): Illustration or analogy.
7. Siddhānta (Conclusion): Established truth or accepted doctrine.
8. Avayava (Member of Syllogism): The constituent part of an inference.
9. Tarka (Argument): Reasoning or logical deduction.
10. Nirṇaya (Ascertainment): Determination or decision.
11. Vāda (Discussion): Debate or discussion.
12. Jalpa (Wrangling): A contentious or disputatious mode of debate.
13. Vitaṇḍā (Cavil): A form of destructive argumentation.
14. Hetvābhāsa (Fallacy of Reasoning): Fallacious or deceptive reasoning.
15. Chala (Evasion): The use of deceptive means to prove a point.
16. Jāti (Futility): A form of fallacious reasoning.
17. Nigrahasthāna (Faulty Place): The position where a fallacy occurs in a syllogism.
18. Sādhana (Confutation): Refutation or disproof.
19. Prasaṅga (Rejoinder): Counter-argument.
20. Dṛṣṭāntāntara (Different Example): The use of a different example in argumentation.
21. Sapakṣa (Positive Thesis): Affirmative statement.
22. Vipakṣa (Counter-Thesis): Negative statement.
23. Sādhyasādhana (Established and Non-Established): That which is to be proved and that which is not to be proved.
24. Aśraya (Foundation): The basis or support.
These twenty-four qualities are central to Nyaya philosophy and its approach to understanding knowledge, logic, and debate.
