Who amongst the following has said that "Indian Constitution is a federation with strong centralizing tendency"?

Paul Appleby characterizes the Indian system as extremely federal.


Morris Jones termed it as bargaining federalism.


Ivor Jennings described it as a federation with a strong centralizing tendency. He observed that “the Indian Constitution is mainly federal with unique safeguards for enforcing national unity and growth”.

Alexandrowicz stated that “India is a case sui generis (i.e., unique in character).


Granville Austin called Indian federalism as a “cooperative federalism”. He also described the Indian federation as “a new kind of federation to meet India’s peculiar needs”.

KC Wheare: India is regarded as a semi-federal state or a quasi-federal state.