A periodic signal x(t) has a trigonometric Fourier series expansion
$$x\left( t \right) = {a_0} + \sum\limits_{n = 1}^\infty {\left( {{a_n}\,\cos \,n{\omega _0}t + {b_n}\sin \,n{\omega _0}t} \right)} $$
If $$x\left( t \right) = - x\left( { - t} \right) = - x\left( {{{t - \pi } \over {{\omega _0}}}} \right),$$      we can conclude that

The Fourier transform of a real valued time signal has

The RMS value of a rectangular wave of period T, having a value of +V for a duration, T₁(< T) and -V for the duration, T - T₁ = T₂ equals

A continuous time function x(t) is periodic with period T. The function is sampled uniformly with a sampling period T_s. In which one of the following cases is the sampled signal periodic?

The phase response of a passband waveform at the receiver is given by
$$\varphi \left( f \right) = - 2\pi \alpha \left( {f - {f_c}} \right) - 2\alpha \beta {f_c},$$
where f_c is the centre frequency, and α and β are positive constants. The actual signal propagation delay from the transmittance to receiver is