4.
Transmittance is given as $$T = \frac{P}{{{P_o}}}.$$  If Po is the power incident on the sample, what does P represent?

5.
How is the wave number of electromagnetic radiation related to wavelength?

8.
Match the items in Group I with Group II.
Group I Group II
P. Circular dichroism 1. Concentration
Q. X-ray crystallography 2. Sedimentation coefficient
R. Freeze-drying 3. Secondary structure determination
S. Ultracentrifugation 4. Tertiary structure determination

10.
To tolerate high operating temperatures, which of the following has to be done in incandescent or tungsten filament lamps?