We had . . . . . . . . good talk with him about . . . . . . . . weather, . . . . . . . . literature and other things.

In the first blank, article "a" will be used as the sentence is referring to something general.
In the second blank, article "the" will be used because the speaker is mentioning the 'weather' of a specific day.
In the third blank, "no article" or "zero article" will be used because no article is used before the name of subjects and here literature has been used generally, not specifying literature of any particular realm, region, culture etc.