Let Y(s) be the unit-step response of a causal system having a transfer function
$$G\left( s \right) = {{3 - s} \over {\left( {s + 1} \right)\left( {s + 3} \right)}}$$
That is, $$Y\left( s \right) = {{G\left( s \right)} \over s}.$$   The forced response of the system is

The Fourier transform of a real valued time signal has

The RMS value of a rectangular wave of period T, having a value of +V for a duration, T₁(< T) and -V for the duration, T - T₁ = T₂ equals

A continuous time function x(t) is periodic with period T. The function is sampled uniformly with a sampling period T_s. In which one of the following cases is the sampled signal periodic?

The phase response of a passband waveform at the receiver is given by
$$\varphi \left( f \right) = - 2\pi \alpha \left( {f - {f_c}} \right) - 2\alpha \beta {f_c},$$
where f_c is the centre frequency, and α and β are positive constants. The actual signal propagation delay from the transmittance to receiver is