Economics MCQ Questions and Solutions with Explanations | Commerce

Average Fixed Cost = Total Fixed Cost / Number of Units.
AFC = 1000/100 = Rs. 10.

Under Marginal utility analysis, utility is assumed to be a Cardinal concept. The Cardinal Utility approach is propounded by neo-classical economists, who believe that utility is measurable, and the customer can express his satisfaction in cardinal or quantitative numbers, such as 1,2,3, and so on.

The 'substitution effect' takes place due to change in Relative prices of the commodities. The substitution effect refers to the change in demand for a good as a result of a change in the relative price of the good in terms of other goods.

The degree of monopoly power is measured in terms of difference between Marginal cost and the price. In a perfectly competitive market, price equals marginal cost and firms earn an economic profit of zero. In a monopoly, the price is set above marginal cost and the firm earns a positive economic profit.

Discriminating monopoly is possible if two markets have different elasticity of demand. Price discrimination is possible only when the buyers from different sub-markets are willing to purchase the same product at different prices. If the elasticity of demand is the same, then the effect of the price change on the buyer will be identical too.

Consumer's surplus left with the consumer under price discrimination is Zero.

In short run, a firm in monopolistic competition may earn normal profit, super normal profit or incur losses. In the short run, a monopolistically competitive firm maximizes profit or minimizes losses by producing that quantity that corresponds to when marginal revenue = marginal cost. If average total cost is below the market price, then the firm will earn an economic profit.

In long-run, all firms in monopolistic competition earn normal profits. In the long‐run, the competition brought about by the entry of new firms will cause each firm in a monopolistically competitive market to earn normal profits, just like a perfectly competitive firm.

In a perfectly competitive market firm is the price taker and industry the price giver. A perfectly competitive firm would be characterized as a "price taker" due to its inability to influence market price. In a perfectly competitive market, the price of the products are fixed since each firm is producing just enough to stay in business.

If the price of Pepsi decreases relative to the price of Coke and 7-Up, the demand for Coke and 7-Up will decrease. A decrease in the price of a good normally results in an increase in the quanti ty demanded by consumers because of the law of demand, and conversel y, quant ity demanded decreases when price rises. So. here the decrease in price of Pepsi will increase in demand for it, while the demand for Coke and 7-Up will decrease because of no change in their price level.