Genetics And Plant Breeding MCQ Question and Answer | Agriculture MCQ Question

Chloroplasts are the cell organelles that are responsible for photosynthesis.
Chloroplasts are plant cell organelles that convert light energy into relatively stable chemical energy via the photosynthetic process.
It is a type of membrane-bound organelle and has a high concentration of chlorophyll. Chloroplasts carry out several other functions, including fatty acid synthesis, amino acid synthesis, and the immune response in plants.

National Seed Corporation was established on 19^th March in the year 1963.
It is a Government of India undertaking for the development of the seed industry in India. It produces 1.5 lakh tons of seed per year with a net worth of 633.62 Crores. It was founded on March 1963, its headquarters is in New Delhi.

The requirement of Meiosis is a Constant number of chromosomes from one generation to the other.
Meiosis, from the Greek word meioun, meaning "to make small," refers to the specialized process by which germ cells divide to produce gametes.
Meiosis ensures that humans have the same number of chromosomes in each generation. Because the chromosome number of a species remains the same from one generation to the next, the chromosome number of germ cells must be reduced by half during meiosis.

a. The method of hybrid seed production of Brinjal is through Functional male sterility. In functional male sterility, viable pollens are formed but the barrier prevents fertilization.
b. Male sterility in chili is commercially utilized to develop hybrids and substantial progress has been made in understanding the mechanism of male sterility. It is generally characterized by the impairment of male reproductive development as a result of underlying genetic causes and leads to the malformation of male gametes and/or pollen.
c. Cucumber, Cucumis sativus is an important vegetable crop, and gynoecy has played a critical role in the yield increase of hybrid cucumber production. Cucumber has a unique genetic system for gynoecious sex expression, which is determined by the copy number variation based, and dosage-dependent femaleness (F) locus.
d. Self-incompatibility is a widespread mechanism in flowering plants like cabbage that prevents inbreeding and promotes outcrossing. The self-incompatibility response is genetically controlled by one or more multi-allelic loci and relies on a series of complex cellular interactions between the self-incompatible pollen and pistil.

The direction and the rate of water movement from cell to cell are based on Diffusion pressure deficit.
Suction pressure is also called Diffusion Pressure Deficit. If some solute is dissolved in a solvent, its diffusion pressure decreases. The difference between the diffusion pressure of pure solvent and solution is called diffusion pressure deficit (DPD).
It is a reduction in the diffusion pressure of the solvent in the solution over its pure state due to the presence of solutes in it and forces opposing diffusion.

Polyploids in which all the chromosome sets are homologous are termed Autopolyploid.
Polyploidy is a condition in which the cells of an organism have more than one pair of (homologous) chromosomes.
Autopolyploidization can occur when the pairs of homologous chromosomes have not separated into different nuclei during meiosis. The resulting gametes will be diploid rather than haploid.

The development of an embryo from antipodal cells or synergids other than egg cells is known as Apogamy.
Apogamy is a type of reproduction, occurring in some ferns, in which the sporophyte develops from the gametophyte without fusion of gametes.
The development of a diploid cell in the embryo sac of flowering plants into an embryo without being fertilized.

The process of exposure of plants to low temperatures for floral induction is Vernalization.
Vernalization is the induction of a plant's flowering process by exposure to the prolonged cold of winter, or by an artificial equivalent. Plants have acquired the ability to flower, but they may require additional seasonal cues or weeks of growth before they will flower.
Typical vernalization temperatures are between 1 and 7 degrees Celsius.

The initiation codon of Eukaryotes is AUG.
RNA ring design predetermines AUG as the initiation codon. RNA ring design determines additional RNA ring gene- and tRNA-like properties described previously because it presumably mimics constraints on life's primordial RNAs. The mRNA sequence AUG, specifies methionine, the first amino acid used in the translation process.
While eukaryotic translation generally starts with the AUG codon, thus also known as the start codon. Prokaryotic translation permits frequent GUG and UUG initiation besides AUG.

The system of mating was proposed by Sewall Wright.
Sewall Green Wright Honorary FRSE (21^st December 1889 - 3^rd March 1988) was an American geneticist known for his influential work on evolutionary theory and also for his work on path analysis. He analyzed the characters of some 40,000 guinea pigs in 23 strains of brother-sister matings against a random-bred stock. (Wright 1922a-c).
The primary mating systems in plants are cross-fertilization, autogamy (self-fertilization) and apomixis (asexual reproduction without fertilization, but only when arising by modification of sexual function).