Genetics And Plant Breeding MCQ Question and Answer | Agriculture MCQ Question

Often cross-pollinated crops are Cotton, Tobacco and Sorghum.
In some crop plants, cross-pollination often exceeds 5 percent and may reach 30 percent. Such species are generally known as often cross-pollinated species.
Cultivated sorghum is primarily self-pollinating; however, wind-mediated cross-pollination does occur.
Cotton is an often cross-pollinated crop. The percentage of cross-pollination varies from 5 - 25% promoted by insects. The slightly elevated position of the stigmatic surface leads to occasional cross-pollination.
Tobacco is normally self-pollinated, although as much as 4 to 10 percent of cross-pollination occurs from pollen carried by insects.

The individuals with 2n ± 1 chromosomes are commonly known as Aneuploid.
Aneuploidy is the presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell, for example, a human cell having 45 or 47 chromosomes instead of the usual 46.
It does not include a difference of one or more complete sets of chromosomes. A cell with any number of complete chromosome sets is called a euploid cell. An extra or missing chromosome is a common cause of some genetic disorders.

The first man-made cereal is Triticale.
Triticale is a hybrid of wheat (Triticum) and rye (Secale) first bred in laboratories during the late 19^th century in Scotland and Germany.
Triticale is almost always a second-generation hybrid, i.e., a cross between two kinds of primary (first-cross) triticales. When crossing wheat and rye, wheat is used as the female parent and rye as the male parent (pollen donor).

RNA and DNA were synthesized in vitro by Ochoa and Kornberg.
Severo Ochoa won the 1959 Nobel Prize in Medicine after he discovered how RNA is synthesized.
Kornberg was able to synthesize DNA from a variety of sources with this polymerase.
Artificial DNA or RNA synthesis, a fundamental tool of synthetic biology, enables scientists to create complex NA molecules of virtually any sequence without a template.
DNA synthesis occurs when these nucleotide units are joined to form DNA; this can occur artificially (in vitro) or naturally (in vivo).

DNA replication in eukaryotes is Semiconservative.
For most eukaryotes and prokaryotes, the process of DNA synthesis is done semiconservatively.
The daughter copies each contain one strand from the parental duplex DNA and one nascent antiparallel strand. This mechanism is conserved from prokaryotes to eukaryotes and is known as semiconservative DNA replication.

DNA synthesis takes place in S stage.
In the eukaryotic cell cycle, chromosome duplication occurs during the "S phase" (the phase of DNA synthesis), and chromosome segregation occurs during the "M phase" (the mitosis phase).
The S phase is the period of wholesale DNA synthesis during which the cell replicates its genetic content; a normal diploid somatic cell with a 2N complement of DNA at the beginning of the S phase acquires a 4N complement of DNA at its end.

a. Synthesis of IAA includes Zinc. Zinc is an important essential micronutrient. Zinc is required for the activity of carbonic anhydrase, and auxin biosynthesis.
b. Exanthema disease is a deficiency symptom of copper in the plant, produced by soil factors and brought about by soil microorganisms, as they attack the roots and produce harmful substances.
c. Anthocyanin and Magnesium. Magnesium treatment caused a significant increase in anthocyanin concentration in all plants, with a stronger effect under elevated temperature regimes.
d. Nitrogen Fixation includes Molybdenum. The molybdenum nitrogenase is responsible for most biological nitrogen fixation, a prokaryotic metabolic process that determines the global biogeochemical cycles of nitrogen and carbon.

The seed that does not absorb water is called a Hard seed.
Hard seed means agricultural seed that would remain hard throughout a germination analysis conducted according to this chapter because the seed would not absorb water due to an impermeable seed coat.
Seed in which the testa is unusually hard and impervious to moisture and which is therefore slow in germinating unless treated mechanically or chemically.

Gene for gene hypothesis is proposed by Harold Flor.
The gene-for-gene hypothesis proposed by Harold Flor, based on his pioneering work on flax and the flax rust fungus Melampsora lini, states that for every dominant avirulence (Avr) gene in the pathogen.
The gene-for-gene hypothesis states that for each gene controlling resistance in the host, there is a corresponding, specific gene controlling avirulence in the pathogen.

The Father of Genetic Engineering is Paul Berg.
In 1972, Paul Berg started genetic engineering. He succeeded in inserting DNA from a bacterium into the virus' DNA. Berg thereby created the first DNA molecule made of parts from different organisms. This type of molecule became known as hybrid DNA or recombinant DNA.
He hypothesized that cells turned cancerous because of some unknown interaction between genes and cellular biochemistry.