Genetics And Plant Breeding MCQ Question and Answer | Agriculture MCQ Question

The immediate effect of pollen on the character of endosperm is called Xenia.
Xenia in plants is the effect of pollen on the seeds and fruit of the fertilized plant. The effect is separate from the contribution of the pollen toward the next generation.
The term was coined in 1881 by the botanist Wilhelm Olbers Focke to refer to effects on maternal tissues, including the seed coat and pericarp, but at that time endosperm was also thought to be a maternal tissue, and the term became closely associated with endosperm effects.

The transfer of pollen grains from the anthers of a flower to the stigma of the same flower is known as Self-pollination.
Self-pollination limits the variety of progeny and may depress plant vigour. Both hermaphrodite and monoecious species have the potential for self-pollination leading to self-fertilization unless there is a mechanism to avoid it. 80% of all flowering plants are hermaphroditic, meaning they contain both sexes in the same flower.

Genes for Male sterility in plants are mainly located in the Mitochondrial genome.
In plants, male sterility can be caused either by mitochondrial genes with coupled nuclear genes or by nuclear genes alone; the resulting conditions are known as cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) and genic male sterility (GMS), respectively.
Plants possess mitochondrial genomes that are large and complex compared to animals. Plant mitochondrial genomes range between 200 - 2,000 kbp.

Plant breeders' rights are operating in Germany, Netherlands and Denmark.
Plant breeders' rights (PBR), are rights granted to the breeder of a new variety of plant that gives the breeder exclusive control over the propagating material and harvested material of a new variety for several years.
The United Kingdom enacted the Plant Variety and Seeds Act of 1964. Similar legislation was passed in the Netherlands, Denmark, Germany and New Zealand.

The alternative forms of a gene are called Alleles.
"Allele" is the word that we use to describe the alternative form or versions of a gene.
Alleles are matching genes; one from our biological mother, and one from our biological father. One has two copies of every gene (strings of code that drive some biological function on our chromosomes). They can be identical, but they can often have slight differences.

Pusa 1088, Pusa 1103 and Pusa 1105 are new varieties of chickpeas.
Pusa 1088 is the variety of chickpeas released by Pusa. The average yield of this variety is 25 - 35 q/ha. It is resistant to Fusarium wilt, root rot and stunt virus. It has tolerance against drought.
Pusa 1103 is a desi variety of chickpea released by IARI. The average yield is 24 q/ha. It is the first variety developed by using a wild species (C. reticulatum). It is resistant to wilt, root rot and bruchids.
Pusa 1105 is Kabuli variety of chickpea released by IARI in 2005. The average seed yield is 25 q/ha. It is highly tolerant against drought. Moderately resistant to soil-born diseases.

The O₂ that evolved during photosynthesis comes from H₂O.
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that, through cellular respiration, can later be released to fuel the organism's activities.
Oxygen evolved during this process is evolved from the hydrolysis of water, and the hydrogen freed by the splitting of water is used in the creation of further compounds.

When the embryos develop without fertilization is called parthenogenesis, not given in the option.
Parthenogenesis is a natural form of asexual reproduction in which the growth and development of embryos occur in a gamete without combining with another gamete.
Parthenogenetic offspring in species that use either the XY or the X0 sex-determination system have two X chromosomes and are female.

In seed testing, the grow-out test is conducted to determine Genetic purity.
Grow out test is a test that is conducted to determine the genetic purity of given seed lots. Genetic purity of seeds refers to the trueness to type. If the seed possesses all the genetic qualities that the breeder has placed in the variety, it is said to be genetically pure.
Genetic purity is used to maintain a variety from generation to generation and in the management of genetic resources e.g. in genebanks.

Transcription, translation, and protein synthesis are the correct sequence of events in the cell.
Transcription is the process of making an RNA copy of a gene's DNA sequence, and that by which RNA is used to produce proteins is called translation.
Protein synthesis is further carried after the synthesis of RNA, into amino acids, and a chain of amino acids leads to the synthesis of protein in ribosomes and other cell organelles.