Genetics And Plant Breeding MCQ Question and Answer | Agriculture MCQ Question

a. Magnesium is a structural component of chlorophyll. The chlorophyll molecule consists of a central magnesium atom surrounded by a nitrogen-containing structure called a porphyrin ring; attached to the ring is a long carbon-hydrogen side chain, known as a phytol chain.
b. Sulphur is found in some amino acids. Methionine, cysteine, homocysteine, and taurine are the 4 common sulfur-containing amino acids.
c. Calcium is found in the middle lamella. The middle lamella is a layer that cements together the primary cell walls of two adjoining plant cells. The middle lamella is made up of calcium and magnesium pectate.
d. Manganese is required for enzymatic activity. Manganese (Mn) is an essential element that is involved in the synthesis and activation of many enzymes and the regulation of the metabolism of glucose and lipids in humans.

The transformation experiment proved that DNA is the genetic material.
One of several processes by which genetic material in the form of “naked” deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is transferred between microbial cells.
Its discovery and elucidation constitute one of the significant cornerstones of molecular genetics.

In plant breeding, undesirable linkages can be broken by Recurrent selection, Disruptive mating, and Diallele, selective mating.
Recurrent selection means repeated cycles of selection and breeding aimed at the gradual genetic improvement of a few key traits in a single species.
Disruptive selection with assortative mating can lead to two reproductively isolated populations, but with random mating, it can lead only to polymorphism; the population will never diverge into two genetically isolated populations.
A diallel cross is a mating scheme used by plant and animal breeders, as well as geneticists, to investigate the genetic underpinnings of quantitative traits.

In humans, apoptosis occurs except in cells damaged by injury.
Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death. It is used during early development to eliminate unwanted cells; for example, those between the fingers of a developing hand.
Apoptosis occurs normally during development and aging and as a homeostatic mechanism to maintain cell populations in tissues.
In adults, apoptosis is used to rid the body of cells that have been damaged beyond repair. Apoptosis also plays a role in preventing cancer.

In humans, an XO individual has no Barr body in her cells.
A Barr body or X-chromatin is an inactive X chromosome in a cell with more than one X chromosome.
Someone with two X chromosomes (such as most human females) has only one Barr body per somatic cell, while someone with one X chromosome (such as most human males) has none.
Thus as an XO individual has only one X chromosome therefore there will not be any Barr body in its cells.

The mitochondria term is coined by Carl Benda.
Mitochondria have a double membrane structure and use aerobic respiration to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used throughout the cell as a source of chemical energy.
They were discovered by Albert von Kolliker in 1857 in the voluntary muscles of insects.
The term mitochondrion was coined by Carl Benda in 1898.

In wheat, cross-pollination is < 5%.
Wheat is a self-pollinating crop that produces seed when pollen from anthers fertilizes the receptive ovary in the same flower of a single-parent plant.
Wheat commonly is crossed by hand pollination or by approach crossing, so both methods are illustrated. Approach crossing can be used effectively to obtain crossed seeds with a minimum of labour in both the field and greenhouse. Thus, cross-pollination in wheat is < 5%.

Degeneration of Genetic codon is attributed to 3^rd member of the codon.
Degeneracy or redundancy of codons is the redundancy of the genetic code, exhibited as the multiplicity of three-base pair codon combinations that specify an amino acid.
The degeneracy of the genetic code accounts for the existence of synonymous mutations. It results because there are more codons than encodable amino acids.

a. Vigna mungo, is the black gram. It is one of the important pulses grown in both the Kharif and Rabi seasons. This crop is extensively grown in the southern part of India, the northern part of Bangladesh and Nepal.
b. Vigna unguiculata is cow pea. It is an annual herbaceous legume from the genus Vigna. Its tolerance for sandy soil and low rainfall has made it an important crop in semiarid regions across Africa and Asia.
c. Cajanus cajan is commonly known as red gram or pigeon pea. It is widely cultivated in tropical and semitropical regions around the world. It contains high levels of protein and the important amino acids methionine, lysine and tryptophan.
d. Cicer arietinum is the scientific name of Bengal gram. Chickpea seeds are high in protein. It is one of the earliest cultivated legumes, and 9500-year-old remains have been found in the Middle East.

The seed certification agency certifies the Foundation seeds.
The purpose of seed certification is to maintain and make available to the public, through certification, high-quality seeds and propagating materials of notified kind and varieties so grown and distributed as to ensure genetic identity and genetic purity.
Foundation seed, also known as a basic seed, is the descendent of breeder seed and is produced under conditions that ensure maintaining genetic purity and identity. A white colour certificate is issued for foundation seeds by seed certification agencies.