Genetics And Plant Breeding MCQ Question and Answer | Agriculture MCQ Question

The abnormal increase in the number of cells is known as Hyperplasia.
Hyperplasia is an enlargement of an organ or tissue caused by an increase in the amount of organic tissue that results from cell proliferation.
It may lead to the gross enlargement of an organ, and the term is sometimes confused with benign neoplasia or benign tumor.
In hyperplasia, there is an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue that appear normal under a microscope.

The development of seed without a sexual process is Apomixis.
Apomixis (asexual seed formation) is the result of a plant gaining the ability to bypass the most fundamental aspects of sexual reproduction: meiosis and fertilization.
Without the need for male fertilization, the resulting seed germinates a plant that develops as a maternal clone.

Heterosis over standard commercial variety is Economic heterosis.
Heterosis, hybrid vigor, or outbreeding enhancement is the improved or increased function of any biological quality in a hybrid offspring. An offspring is heterotic if its traits are enhanced as a result of mixing the genetic contributions of its parents.
Economic heterosis is the only estimate of heterosis, which is of commercial or practical value in 1944. Powers suggested that, the term heterosis should be used only when the hybrid is either superior or inferior to both parents.

During Transcription, rRNA plays a catalytic role.
Transcription is the first step in decoding a cell's genetic information. During transcription, enzymes called RNA polymerases build RNA molecules that are complementary to a portion of one strand of the DNA double helix.
rRNAs combine with proteins and enzymes in the cytoplasm to form ribosomes, which act as the site of protein synthesis. These complex structures travel along the mRNA molecule during translation and facilitate the assembly of amino acids to form a polypeptide chain.

During transcription, the DNA site at which RNA Pol binds is called Promoter.
RNA polymerase and the necessary transcription factors bind to the promoter sequence and initiate transcription. Promoter sequences define the direction of transcription and indicate which DNA strand will be transcribed; this strand is known as the sense strand.
A promoter is a region of DNA where RNA polymerase begins to transcribe a gene. Normally, promoter sequences are typically located directly upstream or at the 5′ ends of the transcription initiation site.

a. Shull discovered Heterosis. He described heterosis in maize in 1908 (the term heterosis was coined by Shull in 1914. Heterosis refers to the phenomenon that progeny of diverse varieties of a species or crosses between species exhibit greater biomass, speed of development, and fertility than both parents.
b. Waldeyer discovered chromosomes. He coined 1888 the term "chromosome" to describe them. Chromosomes are threadlike structures made of protein and a single molecule of DNA that serve to carry the genomic information from cell to cell.
c. Fairchild discovered the First hybrid. In 1716 - 17 he was the first person to scientifically produce an artificial hybrid, Dianthus Caryophyllus barbatus, known as "Fairchild's Mule", a cross between a Sweet William (Dianthus barbatus) and a Carnation pink.
d. Watson and Crick have given a DNA model. The discovery in 1953 of the double helix, the twisted-ladder structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), by James Watson and Francis Crick marked a milestone in the history of science and gave rise to modern molecular biology.

The stamens are united throughout the whole length by both the filaments and the anthers, the condition of stamen is known as Synandrous stamens.
Synandrous means Having stamen fused along both their filaments and anthers, Having stamens fused in any way.

A disc or indent cylinder separator separates the seeds based on Length.
Indents use a combination of pocket size, centrifugal force, friction, and gravity to make separations possible.
This instrument helps to separate seeds according to their length. The equipment consists of a slightly inclined horizontal rotating cylinder and a movable separating trough. The inside surface has small closely spaced hemispherical indentations.
Small seeds are pressed into the indents by centrifugal force and can be removed. The larger seeds flow in the centre of the cylinder and are discharged by gravity.

The most abundant RNA in a cell is rRNA.
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is the most common form of RNA found in cells - it makes up around 50% of the structure of the ribosomes.
It is produced in the nucleus, before moving out into the cytoplasm to bind with proteins and form a ribosome. Transfer RNA (tRNA) is found in the cytoplasm and has a complex shape.

One Gene-one polypeptide was given by Beadle.
The theory is that each gene is responsible for the synthesis of a single polypeptide. It was originally stated as the one gene-one enzyme hypothesis by the US geneticist George Beadle in 1945 but later modified when it was realized that genes also encoded non-enzyme proteins and individual polypeptide chains.
It means that some genes accounted for single polypeptide chains of a protein comprised of multiple chains. The phenomena led scientists to conclude that genes specify protein products.