Genetics And Plant Breeding MCQ Question and Answer | Agriculture MCQ Question

The seeds can be preserved safely in cool and dry conditions.
Keep them in a dry and cool place to extend their viability.
Seeds easily re-absorb moisture. To maintain dryness, seeds are kept in air-tight containers like tin cans or glass jars with tight-fitting lids. Put in some moisture-absorbing material.

The correct sequence of these genotypes in terms of their importance to farmers are:
First of all, is Landraces, then Variety under cultivation, and lastly breeding lines.
The term “landrace” has generally been defined as a cultivated, genetically heterogeneous variety that has evolved in a certain ecogeographical area and is therefore adapted to the edaphic and climatic conditions and to its traditional management and uses.
In agriculture, a variety corresponds to a population of plants of a given species that have been selected and cultivated.
Breeding lines are a group of identical pure-breeding diploid or polyploid organisms, distinguished from other individuals of the same species by some unique phenotype and genotype.

Mating among the following cannot lead to heterosis is AABBccdd × AABBccdd.
Heterosis refers to the phenomenon that progeny of diverse varieties of a species or crosses between species exhibit greater biomass, speed of development, and fertility than both parents.
Various models have been posited to explain heterosis, including dominance, overdominance, and pseudo-overdominance.

Hereditary variations in plants have been produced by the use of Gama ray, while others in options like, auxin, gibberellic acid and DDT are hormones and pesticides.
Gamma radiation (GR) is one of the most widely used mutagenic agents in plants because it is reported to induce high genetic variability.
This type of radiation can be generated by radioisotopes such as carbon-14 (¹⁴C), cobalt-60 (⁶⁰Co), cesium-137 (¹³⁷Cs) and plutonium-239 (²³⁹Pu).

Autotetraploid means a plant that has four sets of chromosomes, all derived from the same species. Imagine if a plant normally has two copies of each chromosome (diploid), an autotetraploid has four copies of each chromosome, all from its own kind.
Let's break down the options:
A) Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass): This is known to exist in tetraploid forms. It is an example of a plant with multiple sets of the same genome.
B) Secale cereale (Rye): This is generally diploid, meaning it has two sets of chromosomes.
C) Pisum sativum (Pea): This is also a common diploid plant.
D) Raphanus (Radish): While some variations might exist, it's typically considered diploid.
So, Cynodon dactylon is the best example of an autotetraploid from the options given because it naturally occurs with four sets of chromosomes from its own species.

The first cotton hybrid variety in the world developed in India, the variety is H4.
H4 is the world's first cotton hybrid released for commercial cultivation.
Chandrakant T. Patel, (11^th July 1917 - 25^th December 1990) was a cotton scientist, who developed the first commercial cotton hybrid, known as Hybrid-4 in 1970, which was later cultivated commercially in the states of Gujarat and Maharashtra.

Anaphase is the stage of cell division that resembles the 'Law of segregation'.
The law of segregation states that each individual that is a diploid has a pair of alleles (copy) for a particular trait. Each parent passes an allele at random to their offspring resulting in a diploid organism. The allele that contains the dominant trait determines the phenotype of the offspring.
Mendel's Segregation law occurs in anaphase (I and II) of meiosis. It is a phase in the first meiotic division in which the homologous chromosomes are segregated into two daughter nuclei with their various versions of each gene.

Photophosphorylation is a process in which Light energy is converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP.
It is the conversion of ADP to ATP using the energy of sunlight by activation of PSII. This involves the splitting of the water molecule into oxygen and hydrogen protons (H⁺), a process known as photolysis.
Cyclic photophosphorylation occurs in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, driven by the main primary source of energy available to living organisms, which is sunlight.

Vertical resistance is also known as Major gene and general resistance, oligogenic resistance and Qualitative resistance.
A plant variety that exhibits a high degree of resistance to a single race, or strain, of a pathogen is said to be vertically resistant; this ability usually is controlled by one or a few plant genes.
If resistance to some races of a pathogen is more than to other races, it is called Vertical resistance. It is also called Perpendicular resistance, Physiological resistance, seedling resistance, hypersensitivity, race-specific resistance, or qualitative resistance.

The dominance hypothesis of heterosis was first proposed by Davenport (1908).
The dominance hypothesis attributes heterosis to canceling of deleterious or inferior recessive alleles contributed by one parent, by beneficial or superior dominant alleles contributed by the other parent in the heterozygous genotypes at different loci.
It was proposed by Charles Davenport in 1908 and is the most widely accepted hypothesis among the explanation of heterosis.