Genetics And Plant Breeding MCQ Question and Answer | Agriculture MCQ Question

A common crop of natural autopolyploid grown is Potato.
Polyploidy is a condition in which the cells of an organism have more than one pair of (homologous) chromosomes.
Autopolyploids are polyploids with multiple chromosome sets derived from a single taxon.
Autopolyploids possess at least three homologous chromosome sets, which can lead to high rates of multivalent pairing during meiosis (particularly in recently formed autopolyploids, also known as neopolyploids) and an associated decrease in fertility due to the production of aneuploid gametes.

a. Jones worked in the area of double cross maize hybrid.
Donald Forsha Jones (16^th April 1890 - 19^th June 1963) was a United States maize geneticist and practical corn breeder at the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven. Beginning at the station in 1914, he made high-yielding hybrid corn practical with his invention of the double-cross hybrid.
b. Tysdal proposed the technique of the Poly cross test.
Poly cross is a cross in which the female parent is known but the male may belong to any of several available strains and which is used in the production of new lines of some economic plants.
c. Muller gave his contribution to X-ray-induced mutations.
Muller concluded that the x-ray exposure caused lethal mutations in the offspring of the x-ray-treated flies. He also found that mutations occurred in both the male and female flies when exposed to x-rays, indicating that both sexes were vulnerable to radiation-induced mutations.
d. Vavilov worked on the Law of homologous series in variation.
Species and genera are characterized by similar homologous series in their genetic variability. It is possible that by knowing a series of characters in the variability of one species, one may foresee parallel homologous characters for other related species and genera.

RNA & Protein synthesis takes place during the G1 and G2 phases of the cell cycle.
The primary function of RNA is to create proteins via translation. RNA carries genetic information that is translated by ribosomes into various proteins necessary for cellular processes. mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA are the three main types of RNA involved in protein synthesis.
In G1 phase, the cell grows physically and increases the volume of both protein and organelles. And G2 phase involves further cell growth and organization of cellular contents.

The following statements that are correct associated with self-incompatibility in crop plants are both sporophytic and gametophytic controls of self-incompatibility found in the homomorphic system.
Self-incompatibility is a widespread mechanism in flowering plants that prevents inbreeding and promotes outcrossing. The self-incompatibility response is genetically controlled by one or more multi-allelic loci and relies on a series of complex cellular interactions between the self-incompatible pollen and pistil.

Sometimes the homologous chromosomes fail to pair in the prophase of meiosis the situation is known as Asynapsis.
Asynapsis is the complete failure of homologous chromosomes to pair or synapse during the first meiotic division.
Both asynapsis and desynapsis have been found to play a significant role in the origin of polyploids via the formation of 2n gametes.

The fruit developed from a single ovary is called Simple fruit.
A type of fruit that develops from a single or compound ovary with only one pistil (of a single flower) is called a simple fruit. Such as Peach, tomato etc.
Simple fruits are either fleshy or dry: Fleshy fruits are those fruits in which part or all of the pericarp is fleshy at maturity.

In the gametophytic system of self-incompatibility fully incompatible will result from a cross between S₁S₂ × S₁S₂.
Gametophytic self-incompatibility, involves the inability of the gametes from the same parent plant to fuse and form a zygote or, if the zygote forms, then it fails to develop. These systems force outcrossing and maintain a wide genetic diversity.

The method of creating variation in asexually propagated crops is Polyploidy.
The fusion of two or more genomes within one nucleus results in polyploidy, resulting in each cell containing more than two pairs of homologous chromosomes.
Polyploidy occurs in the majority of angiosperms and is important in crops that humans depend on for survival at the same time it serves as the method of creating variation in asexually propagated crops.

A male plant of chromosome pp pollinates the plant having chromosome type PP. The expected chromosome in embryo and endosperm will be Embryo-Pp, Endosperm-PPp.
An embryo is a simple multicellular structure of undifferentiated cells. And embryonic development is seen only in the diploid generation. The embryo, however, is produced by the fusion of gametes, which are formed only by the haploid generation. Thus it is Pp.
An endosperm formed in sexual reproduction between diploid parents is typically triploid thus, it is PPp.

Global Gene Bank of Sorghum is located at ICRISAT.
The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) is an international organization that conducts agricultural research for rural development, headquartered in Patancheru (Hyderabad, Telangana, India).
The ICRISAT genebank serves as a repository for the collection of germplasm of the six mandate crops - sorghum, pearl millet, finger millet, chickpea, pigeon pea, and groundnut; and five small millets - foxtail millet, little millet, Kodo millet, proso millet and barnyard millet.