Genetics And Plant Breeding MCQ Question and Answer | Agriculture MCQ Question

Tonoplast is outer membrane of vacuole.
The vacuole is a membrane-bound organelle that is present in plant and fungal cells and some protist, animal and bacterial cells.
A vacuole is surrounded by a membrane called the tonoplast and filled with cell sap. In 1885, de Vries named the vacuole membrane as tonoplast. It is the cytoplasmic membrane surrounding a vacuole, separating the vacuolar contents from the cell's cytoplasm.

If 'n' is no. of the Inbred line then total no. of the double cross is $$\frac{{{\text{n}}\left( {{\text{n}} - 1} \right)\left( {{\text{n}} - 2} \right)\left( {{\text{n}} - 3} \right)}}{8}$$
The double cross was the basic technique used in developing modern hybrids and has been used by commercial firms since. Jones's invention was to use four inbred lines instead of two in crossing.
In the poly cross, selected inbreds are allowed to intermate by open pollination with a random sample of pollen from a number of selected lines.

Okazaki fragments are formed due to synthesis of DNA in directions 5' - 3'.
Okazaki fragments are short sequences of DNA nucleotides that are synthesized discontinuously and later linked together by the enzyme DNA ligase to create the lagging strand during DNA replication. It was discovered in the 1960s by the Japanese molecular biologists Reiji and Tsuneko Okazaki.
These enzymes can only work in the 5’ to 3’ direction, the two unwound template strands are replicated in different ways.

An individual with a 2n-1-1 chromosome constitution is called Double monosomic.
A double monosomic is missing one chromosome from each of two pairs of homologous chromosomes (designated 2N-1-1), and a double tetrasomic contains an extra pair of two pairs of homologous chromosomes (2N+2+2).

Dr. C. R. Rao is a famous plant breeder working on Sorghum.
Dr. Rao was well-known for basic and applied research in breeding and agronomy of several dryland crops, especially towards sorghum improvement, hence also earning the title of 'Father of Hybrid Sorghum' in India.
Due to his efforts, sorghum hybrids CSH1 CSH5 and CSH9 became very popular and were cultivated.

AUG is the 'start codon' in prokaryotic organisms.
The codon AUG is called the START codon as it is the first codon in the transcribed mRNA that undergoes translation.
AUG is the most common START codon and it codes for the amino acid methionine (Met) in eukaryotes and formyl methionine (fMet) in prokaryotes.

The number of types of gametes produced by a homozygous individual is 1.
The presence of two identical alleles at a particular gene locus. A homozygous genotype may include two normal alleles or two alleles that have the same variant.
Thus, only one type of gamete will be produced by a homozygous individual.

Term 'Meiosis' was coined by Farmer & Moore.
The term "meiosis" is derived from the Greek word meaning 'lessening'. It was introduced to biology by J. B. Farmer and J. E. S. Moore in 1905, using the idiosyncratic rendering "maiosis".
The spelling was changed to "meiosis" by Koernicke (1905) and by Pantel and De Sinety (1906) to follow the usual conventions for transliterating Greek.

The form and structure of the growing cell are maintained due to Turgidity.
Turgidity is the point at which the cell's membrane pushes against the cell wall, which is when turgor pressure is high.
The fact of being swollen or firm is usually because of being full of liquid. Water is essential to maintain the turgidity of cells, and ultimately to retain the proper form and structure of any cell.