Genetics And Plant Breeding MCQ Question and Answer | Agriculture MCQ Question

The inability of functional pollen of one species or genera to affect the fertilisation of the female of a related species or genus is called Cross-incompatibility.
CI has been defined as any relationship (or its absence) between pollen and pistil which prevents hybrid zygote formation in crosses between two fertile species.
Incompatibility is a common means of controlling breeding behaviour among plants, and has been an important factor in evolution.

Out of the given options, Sodium and nickel are not essential for plants.
Sixteen elements are considered essential nutrients for plants. These are carbon (C), oxygen (O), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulphur (S), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), boron (B), molybdenum (Mo) and chlorine (Cl).
Although not essential for most plants, sodium (Na(+)) can be beneficial to plants in many conditions, particularly when potassium (K(+)) is deficient.
Nickel is a component of some plant enzymes, most notably urease, which metabolizes urea nitrogen into useable ammonia within the plant. But then also it is not part of the 16 most essential plant nutrients.

Gene mutations occur at the time of DNA replication.
Mutations result either from errors in DNA replication or from the damaging effects of mutagens, such as chemicals and radiation, which react with DNA and change the structures of individual nucleotides.
Germline mutations occur in gametes. Somatic mutations occur in other body cells. Chromosomal alterations are mutations that change chromosome structure. Point mutations change a single nucleotide.

The seed vigour test which determines the activities of decarboxylation is the ATPase test.
Seed vigour is an important quality parameter that needs to be assessed to supplement germination and viability tests to gain insight into the performance of a seed lot in the field or storage.
The ATPase assay measures the ADP produced in the reaction from ATP. The amount of ADP released indicates the robustness of the reaction. More ADP equates to a more active enzyme.

The advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction is it prevents homozygosity, prevents transmission of heredity traits as well as allows rapid generation of new genotypes due to recombination.
Flowering plants reproduce sexually through a process called pollination. Flowers contain male sex organs called stamens and female sex organs called pistils. The anther is the part of the stamen that contains pollen.
Asexual reproduction in plants occurs through budding, fragmentation, vegetative propagation, and spore formation. No flowers are required for this method.

The breeding method not used in self-pollination crops is Mass selection.
Self-pollination is a form of pollination in which pollen from the same plant arrives at the stigma of a flower (in flowering plants) or the ovule.
Breeding is the science-driven creative process of developing new plant varieties that goes by various names including cultivar development, crop improvement, and seed improvement.
In mass selection, seeds are collected from (usually a few dozen to a few hundred) desirable appearing individuals in a population, and the next generation is sown from the stock of mixed seeds.

If a line having the chromosome pair of one species is replaced by pair of chromosomes from another species is known as the Alien substitution line.
Alien Substitution takes place when chromosome(s) of another species replace the own chromosome(s) of a species. Alien substitutions may be obtained from alien addition lines.
Chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) are genetic stocks representing the complete genome of any genotype in the background of a cultivar as overlapping segments.

The unusual form of cell division leads to the cleavage of the nucleus without change in its component structure which means the formation of chromosomes followed by the division of the cytoplasm can be termed Amitosis.
It is cell proliferation that does not occur by mitosis, the mechanism usually identified as essential for cell division in eukaryotes.
Amitosis results in a random distribution of parental alleles.
Amitosis was first described in 1880 by Walther Flemming.

Brassica campestris × Brassica oleracea is one of the following interspecific crosses that will be chosen to artificially resynthesize the Gobhi sarson (Brassica napus) oil-yielding crop.
Interspecific hybridization is the crossing of two species from the same genus. This allows the exploitation of useful genes from wild, unimproved species for the benefit of the cultivated species.
Brassica is a genus of plants in the cabbage and mustard family (Brassicaceae). The members of the genus are informally known as cruciferous vegetables, cabbages, or mustard plants.

Round seed is dominant over Wrinkled seed in peas. If the F1 population of peas is self-pollinated the offspring will be 25 % round, 50% heterozygous and 25% wrinkled.
That means the ratio will be 1 : 2 : 1 in the F1 generation when a dominant round pea seed is selfed with a wrinkled recessive seed.